NAG CL Interface
g01erc (prob_​vonmises)

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1 Purpose

g01erc returns the probability associated with the lower tail of the von Mises distribution between -π and π .

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
double  g01erc (double t, double vk, NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: g01erc, nag_stat_prob_vonmises or nag_prob_von_mises.

3 Description

The von Mises distribution is a symmetric distribution used in the analysis of circular data. The lower tail area of this distribution on the circle with mean direction μ0=0 and concentration parameter kappa, κ, can be written as
Pr(Θθ:κ)=12πI0(κ) -πθeκcosΘdΘ,  
where θ is reduced modulo 2π so that -πθ<π and κ0. Note that if θ=π then g01erc returns a probability of 1. For very small κ the distribution is almost the uniform distribution, whereas for κ all the probability is concentrated at one point.
The method of calculation for small κ involves backwards recursion through a series expansion in terms of modified Bessel functions, while for large κ an asymptotic Normal approximation is used.
In the case of small κ the series expansion of Pr(Θθ: κ) can be expressed as
Pr(Θθ:κ)=12+θ (2π) +1πI0(κ) n=1n-1In(κ)sinnθ,  
where In(κ) is the modified Bessel function. This series expansion can be represented as a nested expression of terms involving the modified Bessel function ratio Rn,
Rn(κ)=In(κ) In-1(κ) ,  n=1,2,3,,  
which is calculated using backwards recursion.
For large values of κ (see Section 7) an asymptotic Normal approximation is used. The angle Θ is transformed to the nearly Normally distributed variate Z,
Z=b(κ)sinΘ2,  
where
b(κ)=2π eκ I0(κ)  
and b(κ) is computed from a continued fraction approximation. An approximation to order κ−4 of the asymptotic normalizing series for z is then used. Finally the Normal probability integral is evaluated.
For a more detailed analysis of the methods used see Hill (1977).

4 References

Hill G W (1977) Algorithm 518: Incomplete Bessel function I0: The Von Mises distribution ACM Trans. Math. Software 3 279–284
Mardia K V (1972) Statistics of Directional Data Academic Press

5 Arguments

1: t double Input
On entry: θ, the observed von Mises statistic measured in radians.
2: vk double Input
On entry: the concentration parameter κ, of the von Mises distribution.
Constraint: vk0.0.
3: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_REAL
On entry, vk=value.
Constraint: vk0.0.

7 Accuracy

g01erc uses one of two sets of constants depending on the value of machine precision. One set gives an accuracy of six digits and uses the Normal approximation when vk6.5, the other gives an accuracy of 12 digits and uses the Normal approximation when vk50.0.

8 Parallelism and Performance

g01erc is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

Using the series expansion for small κ the time taken by g01erc increases linearly with κ; for larger κ, for which the asymptotic Normal approximation is used, the time taken is much less.
If angles outside the region -πθ<π are used care has to be taken in evaluating the probability of being in a region θ1θθ2 if the region contains an odd multiple of π, (2n+1)π. The value of F(θ2;κ)-F(θ1;κ) will be negative and the correct probability should then be obtained by adding one to the value.

10 Example

This example inputs four values from the von Mises distribution along with the values of the parameter κ. The probabilities are computed and printed.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (g01erce.c)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (g01erce.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (g01erce.r)