NAG FL Interface
f08vnf (zggsvd)

Note: this routine is deprecated. Replaced by f08vqf.
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1 Purpose

f08vnf computes the generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) of an m×n complex matrix A and a p×n complex matrix B. f08vnf is marked as deprecated by LAPACK; the replacement routine is f08vqf which makes better use of Level 3 BLAS.

2 Specification

Fortran Interface
Subroutine f08vnf ( jobu, jobv, jobq, m, n, p, k, l, a, lda, b, ldb, alpha, beta, u, ldu, v, ldv, q, ldq, work, rwork, iwork, info)
Integer, Intent (In) :: m, n, p, lda, ldb, ldu, ldv, ldq
Integer, Intent (Out) :: k, l, iwork(n), info
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: alpha(n), beta(n), rwork(2*n)
Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: a(lda,*), b(ldb,*), u(ldu,*), v(ldv,*), q(ldq,*)
Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: work(max(3*n,m,p)+n)
Character (1), Intent (In) :: jobu, jobv, jobq
C Header Interface
#include <nag.h>
void  f08vnf_ (const char *jobu, const char *jobv, const char *jobq, const Integer *m, const Integer *n, const Integer *p, Integer *k, Integer *l, Complex a[], const Integer *lda, Complex b[], const Integer *ldb, double alpha[], double beta[], Complex u[], const Integer *ldu, Complex v[], const Integer *ldv, Complex q[], const Integer *ldq, Complex work[], double rwork[], Integer iwork[], Integer *info, const Charlen length_jobu, const Charlen length_jobv, const Charlen length_jobq)
The routine may be called by the names f08vnf, nagf_lapackeig_zggsvd or its LAPACK name zggsvd.

3 Description

The generalized singular value decomposition is given by
UH A Q = D1 ( 0 R ) ,   VH B Q = D2 ( 0 R ) ,  
where U, V and Q are unitary matrices. Let (k+l) be the effective numerical rank of the matrix ( A B ) , then R is a (k+l)×(k+l) nonsingular upper triangular matrix, D1 and D2 are m×(k+l) and p×(k+l) ‘diagonal’ matrices structured as follows:
if m-k-l0,
D1= klkI0l0Cm-k-l00()  
D2= kll0Sp-l00()  
( 0R ) = n-k-lklk0R11R12l00R22()  
where
C = diag(αk+1,,αk+l) ,  
S = diag(βk+1,,βk+l) ,  
and
C2 + S2 = I .  
R is stored as a submatrix of A with elements Rij stored as Ai,n-k-l+j on exit.
If m-k-l<0 ,
D1= km-kk+l-mkI00m-k0C0()  
D2= km-kk+l-mm-k0S0k+l-m00Ip-l000()  
( 0R ) = n-k-lkm-kk+l-mk0R11R12R13m-k00R22R23k+l-m000R33()  
where
C = diag(αk+1,,αm) ,  
S = diag(βk+1,,βm) ,  
and
C2 + S2 = I .  
( R11 R12 R13 0 R22 R23 ) is stored as a submatrix of A with Rij stored as Ai,n-k-l+j, and R33 is stored as a submatrix of B with (R33)ij stored as Bm-k+i,n+m-k-l+j.
The routine computes C, S, R and, optionally, the unitary transformation matrices U, V and Q.
In particular, if B is an n×n nonsingular matrix, then the GSVD of A and B implicitly gives the SVD of A×B-1:
A B-1 = U (D1D2-1) VH .  
If ( A B ) has orthonormal columns, then the GSVD of A and B is also equal to the CS decomposition of A and B. Furthermore, the GSVD can be used to derive the solution of the eigenvalue problem:
AH Ax=λ BH Bx .  
In some literature, the GSVD of A and B is presented in the form
UH A X = ( 0D1 ) ,   VH B X = ( 0D2 ) ,  
where U and V are orthogonal and X is nonsingular, and D1 and D2 are ‘diagonal’. The former GSVD form can be converted to the latter form by taking the nonsingular matrix X as
X = Q ( I 0 0 R-1 ) .  

4 References

Anderson E, Bai Z, Bischof C, Blackford S, Demmel J, Dongarra J J, Du Croz J J, Greenbaum A, Hammarling S, McKenney A and Sorensen D (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide (3rd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia https://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug
Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

5 Arguments

1: jobu Character(1) Input
On entry: if jobu='U', the unitary matrix U is computed.
If jobu='N', U is not computed.
Constraint: jobu='U' or 'N'.
2: jobv Character(1) Input
On entry: if jobv='V', the unitary matrix V is computed.
If jobv='N', V is not computed.
Constraint: jobv='V' or 'N'.
3: jobq Character(1) Input
On entry: if jobq='Q', the unitary matrix Q is computed.
If jobq='N', Q is not computed.
Constraint: jobq='Q' or 'N'.
4: m Integer Input
On entry: m, the number of rows of the matrix A.
Constraint: m0.
5: n Integer Input
On entry: n, the number of columns of the matrices A and B.
Constraint: n0.
6: p Integer Input
On entry: p, the number of rows of the matrix B.
Constraint: p0.
7: k Integer Output
8: l Integer Output
On exit: k and l specify the dimension of the subblocks k and l as described in Section 3; (k+l) is the effective numerical rank of (AB).
9: a(lda,*) Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
Note: the second dimension of the array a must be at least max(1,n).
On entry: the m×n matrix A.
On exit: contains the triangular matrix R, or part of R. See Section 3 for details.
10: lda Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which f08vnf is called.
Constraint: ldamax(1,m).
11: b(ldb,*) Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
Note: the second dimension of the array b must be at least max(1,n).
On entry: the p×n matrix B.
On exit: contains the triangular matrix R if m-k-l<0. See Section 3 for details.
12: ldb Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array b as declared in the (sub)program from which f08vnf is called.
Constraint: ldbmax(1,p).
13: alpha(n) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: see the description of beta.
14: beta(n) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: alpha and beta contain the generalized singular value pairs of A and B, αi and βi ;
  • alpha(1:k) = 1 ,
  • beta(1:k) = 0 ,
and if m-k-l0 ,
  • alpha(k+1:k+l) = C ,
  • beta(k+1:k+l) = S ,
or if m-k-l<0 ,
  • alpha(k+1:m) = C ,
  • alpha(m+1:k+l) = 0 ,
  • beta(k+1:m) = S ,
  • beta(m+1:k+l) = 1 , and
  • alpha(k+l+1:n) = 0 ,
  • beta(k+l+1:n) = 0 .
The notation alpha(k:n) above refers to consecutive elements alpha(i), for i=k,,n.
15: u(ldu,*) Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
Note: the second dimension of the array u must be at least max(1,m) if jobu='U'.
On exit: if jobu='U', u contains the m×m unitary matrix U.
If jobu='N', u is not referenced.
16: ldu Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array u as declared in the (sub)program from which f08vnf is called.
Constraints:
  • if jobu='U', ldu max(1,m) ;
  • otherwise ldu1.
17: v(ldv,*) Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
Note: the second dimension of the array v must be at least max(1,p) if jobv='V'.
On exit: if jobv='V', v contains the p×p unitary matrix V.
If jobv='N', v is not referenced.
18: ldv Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array v as declared in the (sub)program from which f08vnf is called.
Constraints:
  • if jobv='V', ldv max(1,p) ;
  • otherwise ldv1.
19: q(ldq,*) Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
Note: the second dimension of the array q must be at least max(1,n) if jobq='Q'.
On exit: if jobq='Q', q contains the n×n unitary matrix Q.
If jobq='N', q is not referenced.
20: ldq Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array q as declared in the (sub)program from which f08vnf is called.
Constraints:
  • if jobq='Q', ldq max(1,n) ;
  • otherwise ldq1.
21: work(max(3×n,m,p)+n) Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Workspace
22: rwork(2×n) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Workspace
23: iwork(n) Integer array Output
On exit: stores the sorting information. More precisely, the following loop will sort alpha
for i=k+1, min(m,k+l)
  swap alpha(i) and alpha(iwork(i))
endfor
such that alpha(1)alpha(2)alpha(n).
24: info Integer Output
On exit: info=0 unless the routine detects an error (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

info<0
If info=-i, argument i had an illegal value. An explanatory message is output, and execution of the program is terminated.
info=1
The Jacobi-type procedure failed to converge.

7 Accuracy

The computed generalized singular value decomposition is nearly the exact generalized singular value decomposition for nearby matrices (A+E) and (B+F) , where
E2 = O(ε) A2 ​ and ​ F2 = O(ε) B2 ,  
and ε is the machine precision. See Section 4.12 of Anderson et al. (1999) for further details.

8 Parallelism and Performance

f08vnf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The diagonal elements of the matrix R are real.
The real analogue of this routine is f08vaf.

10 Example

This example finds the generalized singular value decomposition
A = U Σ1 ( 0R ) QH ,   B = V Σ2 ( 0R ) QH ,  
where
A = ( 0.96-0.81i -0.03+0.96i -0.91+2.06i -0.05+0.41i -0.98+1.98i -1.20+0.19i -0.66+0.42i -0.81+0.56i 0.62-0.46i 1.01+0.02i 0.63-0.17i -1.11+0.60i 0.37+0.38i 0.19-0.54i -0.98-0.36i 0.22-0.20i 0.83+0.51i 0.20+0.01i -0.17-0.46i 1.47+1.59i 1.08-0.28i 0.20-0.12i -0.07+1.23i 0.26+0.26i )  
and
B = ( 1 0 -1 0 0 1 0 -1 ) ,  
together with estimates for the condition number of R and the error bound for the computed generalized singular values.
The example program assumes that mn, and would need slight modification if this is not the case.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (f08vnfe.f90)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (f08vnfe.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (f08vnfe.r)