# NAG FL Interfaceg04gaf (icc)

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## 1Purpose

g04gaf calculates the intraclass correlation (ICC).

## 2Specification

Fortran Interface
 Subroutine g04gaf ( nrep, icc, lci, uci, df1, df2,
 Integer, Intent (In) :: mtype, rtype, nrep, nsubj, nrater, mscore Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ifail Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: score(nrep,nsubj,nrater), smiss, alpha Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: icc, lci, uci, fstat, df1, df2, pvalue
#include <nag.h>
 void g04gaf_ (const Integer *mtype, const Integer *rtype, const Integer *nrep, const Integer *nsubj, const Integer *nrater, const double score[], const Integer *mscore, const double *smiss, const double *alpha, double *icc, double *lci, double *uci, double *fstat, double *df1, double *df2, double *pvalue, Integer *ifail)
The routine may be called by the names g04gaf or nagf_anova_icc.

## 3Description

Many scientific investigations involve assigning a value (score) to a number of objects of interest (subjects). In most instances the method used to score the subject will be affected by measurement error which can affect the analysis and interpretation of the data. When the score is based on the subjective opinion of one or more individuals (raters) the measurement error can be high and, therefore, it is important to be able to assess its magnitude. One way of doing this is to run a reliability study and calculate the intraclass correlation (ICC).
In a typical reliability study each of a random sample of ${n}_{s}$ subjects are scored, independently, by ${n}_{r}$ raters. Each rater scores the same subject $m$ times (i.e., there are $m$ replicate scores). The scores, ${y}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}\mathit{k}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,{n}_{s}$, $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,{n}_{r}$ and $\mathit{k}=1,2,\dots ,m$ can be arranged into $m$ data tables, with the ${n}_{s}$ rows of the table, labelled $1,2,\dots ,{n}_{s}$, corresponding to the subjects and the ${n}_{r}$ columns of the table, labelled $1,2,\dots ,{n}_{r}$, to the raters. For example the following data, taken from Shrout and Fleiss (1979), shows a typical situation where four raters (${n}_{r}=4$) have scored six subjects (${n}_{s}=6$) once, i.e., there has been no replication ($m=1$).
Rater
Subject $1$ $2$ $3$ $4$
$1$ $9$ $2$ $5$ $8$
$2$ $6$ $1$ $3$ $2$
$3$ $8$ $4$ $6$ $8$
$4$ $7$ $1$ $2$ $6$
$5$ $10$ $5$ $6$ $9$
$6$ $6$ $2$ $4$ $7$
The term intraclass correlation is a general one and can mean either a measure of interrater reliability, i.e., a measure of how similar the raters are, or intrarater reliability, i.e., a measure of how consistent each rater is.
There are a numerous different versions of the ICC, six of which can be calculated using g04gaf. The different versions of the ICC can lead to different conclusions when applied to the same data, it is, therefore, essential to choose the most appropriate based on the design of the reliability study and whether inter- or intrarater reliability is of interest. The six measures of the ICC are split into three different types of studies, denoted: $\text{ICC}\left(1,1\right)$, $\text{ICC}\left(2,1\right)$ and $\text{ICC}\left(3,1\right)$. This notation ties up with that used by Shrout and Fleiss (1979). Each class of study results in two forms of the ICC, depending on whether inter- or intrarater reliability is of interest.

### 3.1$\text{ICC}\left(1,1\right)$: One-Factor Design

The one-factor designs differ, depending on whether inter- or intrarater reliability is of interest:

#### 3.1.1Interrater reliability

In a one-factor design to measure interrater reliability, each subject is scored by a different set of raters randomly selected from a larger population of raters. Therefore, even though they use the same set of labels each row of the data table is associated with a different set of raters.
A model of the following form is assumed:
 $yijk=μ+si+εijk$
where ${s}_{i}$ is the subject effect and ${\epsilon }_{ijk}$ is the error term, with ${s}_{i}\sim N\left(0,{\sigma }_{s}^{2}\right)$ and ${\epsilon }_{ijk}\sim N\left(0,{\sigma }_{\epsilon }^{2}\right)$.
The measure of the interrater reliability, $\rho$, is then given by:
 $ρ=σ^s2σ^s2+σ^ε2$
where ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{s}$ and ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{\epsilon }$ are the estimated values of ${\sigma }_{s}$ and ${\sigma }_{\epsilon }$ respectively.

#### 3.1.2Intrarater reliability

In a one-factor design to measure intrarater reliability, each rater scores a different set of subjects. Therefore, even though they use the same set of labels, each column of the data table is associated with a different set of subjects.
A model of the following form is assumed:
 $yijk=μ+rj+εijk$
where ${r}_{i}$ is the rater effect and ${\epsilon }_{ijk}$ is the error term, with ${r}_{j}\sim N\left(0,{\sigma }_{r}^{2}\right)$ and ${\epsilon }_{ijk}\sim N\left(0,{\sigma }_{\epsilon }^{2}\right)$.
The measure of the intrarater reliability, $\gamma$, is then given by:
 $γ=σ^r2σ^r2+σ^ε2$
where ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{r}$ and ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{\epsilon }$ are the estimated values of ${\sigma }_{r}$ and ${\sigma }_{\epsilon }$ respectively.

### 3.2 $\text{ICC}\left(2,1\right)$: Random Factorial Design

In a random factorial design, each subject is scored by the same set of raters. The set of raters have been randomly selected from a larger population of raters.
A model of the following form is assumed:
 $yijk=μ+si+rj +(sr)ij+εijk$
where ${s}_{i}$ is the subject effect, ${r}_{i}$ is the rater effect, ${\left(sr\right)}_{ij}$ is the subject-rater interaction effect and ${\epsilon }_{ijk}$ is the error term, with ${s}_{i}\sim N\left(0,{\sigma }_{s}^{2}\right)$, ${r}_{j}\sim N\left(0,{\sigma }_{r}^{2}\right)$, ${\left(sr\right)}_{ij}\sim N\left(0,{\sigma }_{sr}^{2}\right)$ and ${\epsilon }_{ijk}\sim N\left(0,{\sigma }_{\epsilon }^{2}\right)$.

#### 3.2.1Interrater reliability

The measure of the interrater reliability, $\rho$, is given by:
 $ρ=σ^s2σ^s2+σ^r2+σ^sr2+σ^ε2$
where ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{s}$, ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{r}$, ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{sr}$ and ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{\epsilon }$ are the estimated values of ${\sigma }_{s}$, ${\sigma }_{r}$, ${\sigma }_{sr}$ and ${\sigma }_{\epsilon }$ respectively.

#### 3.2.2Intrarater reliability

The measure of the intrarater reliability, $\gamma$, is given by:
 $γ=σ^r2σ^s2+σ^r2+σ^sr2+σ^ε2$
where ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{s}$, ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{r}$, ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{sr}$ and ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{\epsilon }$ are the estimated values of ${\sigma }_{s}$, ${\sigma }_{r}$, ${\sigma }_{sr}$ and ${\sigma }_{\epsilon }$ respectively.

### 3.3$\text{ICC}\left(3,1\right)$: Mixed Factorial Design

In a mixed factorial design, each subject is scored by the same set of raters and these are the only raters of interest.
A model of the following form is assumed:
 $yijk=μ+si+rj +(sr)ij+εijk$
where ${s}_{i}$ is the subject effect, ${r}_{i}$ is the fixed rater effect, ${\left(sr\right)}_{ij}$ is the subject-rater interaction effect and ${\epsilon }_{ijk}$ is the error term, with ${s}_{i}\sim N\left(0,{\sigma }_{s}^{2}\right)$, ${\Sigma }_{j=1}^{{n}_{r}}{r}_{j}=0$, ${\left(sr\right)}_{ij}\sim N\left(0,{\sigma }_{sr}^{2}\right)$, ${\Sigma }_{j=1}^{{n}_{r}}{\left(sr\right)}_{ij}=0$ and ${\epsilon }_{ijk}\sim N\left(0,{\sigma }_{\epsilon }^{2}\right)$.

#### 3.3.1Interrater reliability

The measure of the interrater reliability, $\rho$, is then given by:
 $ρ=σ^s2-σ^sr2/(r-1) σ^s2+σ^sr2+σ^ε2$
where ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{s}$, ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{sr}$ and ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{\epsilon }$ are the estimated values of ${\sigma }_{s}$, ${\sigma }_{sr}$ and ${\sigma }_{\epsilon }$ respectively.

#### 3.3.2Intrarater reliability

The measure of the intrarater reliability, $\gamma$, is then given by:
 $γ=σ^s2+σ^sr2 σ^s2+σ^sr2+σ^ε2$
where ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{s}$, ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{sr}$ and ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{\epsilon }$ are the estimated values of ${\sigma }_{s}$, ${\sigma }_{sr}$ and ${\sigma }_{\epsilon }$ respectively.
As well as an estimate of the ICC, g04gaf returns an approximate $\left(1-\alpha \right)%$ confidence interval for the ICC and an $F$-statistic, $f$, associated degrees of freedom (${\nu }_{1}$ and ${\nu }_{2}$) and p-value, $p$, for testing that the ICC is zero.
Details on the formula used to calculate the confidence interval, $f$, ${\nu }_{1}$, ${\nu }_{2}$, ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{s}^{2}$, ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{r}^{2}$, ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{sr}^{2}$ and ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{\epsilon }^{2}$ are given in Gwet (2014). In the case where there are no missing data these should tie up with the formula presented in Shrout and Fleiss (1979).
In some circumstances, the formula presented in Gwet (2014) for calculating ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{s}^{2}$, ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{r}^{2}$, ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{sr}^{2}$ and ${\stackrel{^}{\sigma }}_{\epsilon }^{2}$ can result in a negative value being calculated. In such instances, ${\mathbf{ifail}}={\mathbf{102}}$, the offending estimate is set to zero and the calculations continue as normal.
It should be noted that Shrout and Fleiss (1979) also present methods for calculating the ICC based on average scores, denoted $\text{ICC}\left(1,k\right)$, $\text{ICC}\left(2,k\right)$ and $\text{ICC}\left(3,k\right)$. These are not supplied here as multiple replications are allowed ($m>1$) hence there is no need to average the scores prior to calculating ICC when using g04gaf.

## 4References

Gwet K L (2014) Handbook of Inter-rater Reliability Fourth Edition Advanced Analytics LLC
Shrout P E and Fleiss J L (1979) Intraclass Correlations: Uses in Assessing Rater Reliability Pyschological Bulletin, Vol 86 2 420–428

## 5Arguments

1: $\mathbf{mtype}$Integer Input
On entry: indicates which model is to be used.
${\mathbf{mtype}}=1$
The reliability study is a one-factor design, $\text{ICC}\left(1,1\right)$.
${\mathbf{mtype}}=2$
The reliability study is a random factorial design, $\text{ICC}\left(2,1\right)$.
${\mathbf{mtype}}=3$
The reliability study is a mixed factorial design, $\text{ICC}\left(3,1\right)$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{mtype}}=1$, $2$ or $3$.
2: $\mathbf{rtype}$Integer Input
On entry: indicates which type of reliability is required.
${\mathbf{rtype}}=1$
Interrater reliability is required.
${\mathbf{rtype}}=2$
Intrarater reliability is required.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{rtype}}=1$ or $2$.
3: $\mathbf{nrep}$Integer Input
On entry: $m$, the number of replicates.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{mtype}}=2$ or $3$ and ${\mathbf{rtype}}=2$, ${\mathbf{nrep}}\ge 2$;
• otherwise ${\mathbf{nrep}}\ge 1$.
4: $\mathbf{nsubj}$Integer Input
On entry: ${n}_{s}$, the number of subjects.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nsubj}}\ge 2$.
5: $\mathbf{nrater}$Integer Input
On entry: ${n}_{r}$, the number of raters.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nrater}}\ge 2$.
6: $\mathbf{score}\left({\mathbf{nrep}},{\mathbf{nsubj}},{\mathbf{nrater}}\right)$Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: the matrix of scores, with ${\mathbf{score}}\left(k,i,j\right)$ being the score given to the $i$th subject by the $j$th rater in the $k$th replicate.
If rater $j$ did not rate subject $i$ at replication $k$, the corresponding element of score, ${\mathbf{score}}\left(k,i,j\right)$, should be set to smiss.
7: $\mathbf{mscore}$Integer Input
On entry: indicates how missing scores are handled.
${\mathbf{mscore}}=1$
There are no missing scores.
${\mathbf{mscore}}=2$
Missing scores in score have been set to smiss.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{mscore}}=1$ or $2$.
8: $\mathbf{smiss}$Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: the value used to indicate a missing score.
• If ${\mathbf{mscore}}=1$, smiss is not referenced and need not be set.
• If ${\mathbf{mscore}}=2$, the value used to indicate a missing score.
Care should be taken in the selection of the value used to indicate a missing score. g04gaf will treat any score in the inclusive range $\left(1±{0.1}^{\left({\mathbf{x02bef}}-2\right)}\right)×{\mathbf{smiss}}$ as missing. Alternatively, a NaN (Not A Number) can be used to indicate missing values, in which case the value of smiss and any missing values of score can be set through a call to x07bbf.
9: $\mathbf{alpha}$Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: $\alpha$, the significance level used in the construction of the confidence intervals for icc.
Constraint: $0.0<{\mathbf{alpha}}<1.0$.
10: $\mathbf{icc}$Real (Kind=nag_wp) Output
On exit: an estimate of the intraclass correlation to measure either the interrater reliability, $\rho$, or intrarater reliability, $\gamma$, as specified by mtype and rtype.
11: $\mathbf{lci}$Real (Kind=nag_wp) Output
On exit: an approximate lower limit for the $100\left(1-\alpha \right)%$ confidence interval for the ICC.
12: $\mathbf{uci}$Real (Kind=nag_wp) Output
On exit: an approximate upper limit for the $100\left(1-\alpha %\right)$ confidence interval for the ICC.
In some circumstances it is possible for the estimate of the intraclass correlation to fall outside the region of the approximate confidence intervals. In these cases g04gaf returns all calculated values, but raises the warning ${\mathbf{ifail}}={\mathbf{101}}$.
13: $\mathbf{fstat}$Real (Kind=nag_wp) Output
On exit: $f$, the $F$-statistic associated with icc.
14: $\mathbf{df1}$Real (Kind=nag_wp) Output
15: $\mathbf{df2}$Real (Kind=nag_wp) Output
On exit: ${\nu }_{1}$ and ${\nu }_{2}$, the degrees of freedom associated with $f$.
16: $\mathbf{pvalue}$Real (Kind=nag_wp) Output
On exit: $P\left(F\ge f:{\nu }_{1},{\nu }_{1}\right)$, the upper tail probability from an $F$ distribution.
17: $\mathbf{ifail}$Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to $0$, $-1$ or $1$ to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of $0$ causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of $-1$ means that an error message is printed while a value of $1$ means that it is not.
If halting is not appropriate, the value $-1$ or $1$ is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, the value $0$ is recommended. When the value $-\mathbf{1}$ or $\mathbf{1}$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ${\mathbf{ifail}}={\mathbf{0}}$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

## 6Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ${\mathbf{ifail}}=0$ or $-1$, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
${\mathbf{ifail}}=11$
On entry, ${\mathbf{mtype}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{mtype}}=1$, $2$ or $3$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=21$
On entry, ${\mathbf{rtype}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{rtype}}=1$ or $2$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=31$
On entry, ${\mathbf{nrep}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nrep}}\ge 1$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=32$
On entry, ${\mathbf{nrep}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: when ${\mathbf{mtype}}=2$ or $3$ and ${\mathbf{rtype}}=2$, ${\mathbf{nrep}}\ge 2$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=33$
On entry, after adjusting for missing data, ${\mathbf{nrep}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nrep}}\ge 1$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=34$
On entry, after adjusting for missing data, ${\mathbf{nrep}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: when ${\mathbf{mtype}}=2$ or $3$ and ${\mathbf{rtype}}=2$, ${\mathbf{nrep}}\ge 2$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=41$
On entry, ${\mathbf{nsubj}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nsubj}}\ge 2$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=42$
On entry, after adjusting for missing data, ${\mathbf{nsubj}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nsubj}}\ge 2$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=51$
On entry, ${\mathbf{nrater}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nrater}}\ge 2$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=52$
On entry, after adjusting for missing data, ${\mathbf{nrater}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nrater}}\ge 2$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=61$
Unable to calculate the ICC due to a division by zero.
This is often due to degenerate data, for example all scores being the same.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=62$
On entry, a replicate, subject or rater contained all missing data.
All output quantities have been calculated using the reduced problem size.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=71$
On entry, ${\mathbf{mscore}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{mscore}}=1$ or $2$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=91$
On entry, ${\mathbf{alpha}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: $0.0<{\mathbf{alpha}}<1.0$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=92$
On entry, ${\mathbf{alpha}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
alpha is too close to either zero or one.
This error is unlikely to occur.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=101$
icc does not fall into the interval $\left[{\mathbf{lci}},{\mathbf{uci}}\right]$.
All output quantities have been calculated.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=102$
The estimate of at least one variance component was negative.
Negative estimates were set to zero and all output quantities calculated as documented.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-99$
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-399$
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-999$
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

Not applicable.

## 8Parallelism and Performance

g04gaf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
g04gaf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

None.

## 10Example

This example calculates and displays the measure of interrater reliability, $\rho$, for a one-factor design, $\text{ICC}\left(1,1\right)$. In addition the $95%$ confidence interval, $F$-statistic, degrees of freedom and p-value are presented.
The data is taken from table 2 of Shrout and Fleiss (1979), which has four raters scoring six subjects.

### 10.1Program Text

Program Text (g04gafe.f90)

### 10.2Program Data

Program Data (g04gafe.d)

### 10.3Program Results

Program Results (g04gafe.r)