NAG FL Interface
e02agf (dim1_​cheb_​con)

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1 Purpose

e02agf computes constrained weighted least squares polynomial approximations in Chebyshev series form to an arbitrary set of data points. The values of the approximations and any number of their derivatives can be specified at selected points.

2 Specification

Fortran Interface
Subroutine e02agf ( m, kplus1, lda, xmin, xmax, x, y, w, mf, xf, yf, lyf, ip, a, s, np1, wrk, lwrk, iwrk, liwrk, ifail)
Integer, Intent (In) :: m, kplus1, lda, mf, lyf, ip(mf), lwrk, liwrk
Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ifail
Integer, Intent (Out) :: np1, iwrk(liwrk)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: xmin, xmax, x(m), y(m), w(m), xf(mf), yf(lyf)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: a(lda,kplus1)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: s(kplus1), wrk(lwrk)
C Header Interface
#include <nag.h>
void  e02agf_ (const Integer *m, const Integer *kplus1, const Integer *lda, const double *xmin, const double *xmax, const double x[], const double y[], const double w[], const Integer *mf, const double xf[], const double yf[], const Integer *lyf, const Integer ip[], double a[], double s[], Integer *np1, double wrk[], const Integer *lwrk, Integer iwrk[], const Integer *liwrk, Integer *ifail)
The routine may be called by the names e02agf or nagf_fit_dim1_cheb_con.

3 Description

e02agf determines least squares polynomial approximations of degrees up to k to the set of data points (xr,yr) with weights wr, for r=1,2,,m. The value of k, the maximum degree required, is to be prescribed by you. At each of the values xfr, for r=1,2,,mf, of the independent variable x, the approximations and their derivatives up to order pr are constrained to have one of the values yfs, for s=1,2,,n, specified by you, where n=mf+r=0mfpr.
The approximation of degree i has the property that, subject to the imposed constraints, it minimizes σi, the sum of the squares of the weighted residuals εr, for r=1,2,,m, where
εr=wr(yr-fi(xr))  
and fi(xr) is the value of the polynomial approximation of degree i at the rth data point.
Each polynomial is represented in Chebyshev series form with normalized argument x¯. This argument lies in the range −1 to +1 and is related to the original variable x by the linear transformation
x¯=2x-(xmax+xmin) (xmax-xmin)  
where xmin and xmax, specified by you, are respectively the lower and upper end points of the interval of x over which the polynomials are to be defined.
The polynomial approximation of degree i can be written as
12ai,0+ai,1T1(x¯)++aijTj(x¯)++aiiTi(x¯)  
where Tj(x¯) is the Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind of degree j with argument x¯. For i=n,n+1,,k, the routine produces the values of the coefficients aij, for j=0,1,,i, together with the value of the root mean square residual,
Si = σ i ( m +n-i-1) ,  
where m is the number of data points with nonzero weight.
Values of the approximations may subsequently be computed using e02aef or e02akf.
First e02agf determines a polynomial μ(x¯), of degree n-1, which satisfies the given constraints, and a polynomial ν(x¯), of degree n, which has value (or derivative) zero wherever a constrained value (or derivative) is specified. It then fits yr-μ(xr), for r=1,2,,m, with polynomials of the required degree in x¯ each with factor ν(x¯). Finally the coefficients of μ(x¯) are added to the coefficients of these fits to give the coefficients of the constrained polynomial approximations to the data points (xr,yr), for r=1,2,,m. The method employed is given in Hayes (1970): it is an extension of Forsythe's orthogonal polynomials method (see Forsythe (1957)) as modified by Clenshaw (see Clenshaw (1960)).

4 References

Clenshaw C W (1960) Curve fitting with a digital computer Comput. J. 2 170–173
Forsythe G E (1957) Generation and use of orthogonal polynomials for data fitting with a digital computer J. Soc. Indust. Appl. Math. 5 74–88
Hayes J G (ed.) (1970) Numerical Approximation to Functions and Data Athlone Press, London

5 Arguments

1: m Integer Input
On entry: m, the number of data points to be fitted.
Constraint: m1.
2: kplus1 Integer Input
On entry: k+1, where k is the maximum degree required.
Constraint: n+1kplus1m+n is the total number of constraints and m is the number of data points with nonzero weights and distinct abscissae which do not coincide with any of the xf(r).
3: lda Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which e02agf is called.
Constraint: ldakplus1.
4: xmin Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
5: xmax Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: the lower and upper end points, respectively, of the interval [xmin,xmax]. Unless there are specific reasons to the contrary, it is recommended that xmin and xmax be set respectively to the lowest and highest value among the xr and xfr. This avoids the danger of extrapolation provided there is a constraint point or data point with nonzero weight at each end point.
Constraint: xmax>xmin.
6: x(m) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: x(r) must contain the value xr of the independent variable at the rth data point, for r=1,2,,m.
Constraint: the x(r) must be in nondecreasing order and satisfy xminx(r)xmax.
7: y(m) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: y(r) must contain yr, the value of the dependent variable at the rth data point, for r=1,2,,m.
8: w(m) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: w(r) must contain the weight wr to be applied to the data point xr, for r=1,2,,m. For advice on the choice of weights see the E02 Chapter Introduction. Negative weights are treated as positive. A zero weight causes the corresponding data point to be ignored. Zero weight should be given to any data point whose x and y values both coincide with those of a constraint (otherwise the denominators involved in the root mean square residuals Si will be slightly in error).
9: mf Integer Input
On entry: mf, the number of values of the independent variable at which a constraint is specified.
Constraint: mf1.
10: xf(mf) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: xf(r) must contain xfr, the value of the independent variable at which a constraint is specified, for r=1,2,,mf.
Constraint: these values need not be ordered but must be distinct and satisfy xminxf(r)xmax.
11: yf(lyf) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: the values which the approximating polynomials and their derivatives are required to take at the points specified in xf. For each value of xf(r), yf contains in successive elements the required value of the approximation, its first derivative, second derivative, ,prth derivative, for r=1,2,,mf. Thus the value, yfs, which the kth derivative of each approximation (k=0 referring to the approximation itself) is required to take at the point xf(r) must be contained in yf(s), where
s=r+k+p1+p2++pr-1,  
where k=0,1,,pr and r=1,2,,mf. The derivatives are with respect to the independent variable x.
12: lyf Integer Input
On entry: the dimension of the array yf as declared in the (sub)program from which e02agf is called.
Constraint: lyfmf+ i=1 mf ip(i).
13: ip(mf) Integer array Input
On entry: ip(r) must contain pr, the order of the highest-order derivative specified at xf(r), for r=1,2,,mf. pr=0 implies that the value of the approximation at xf(r) is specified, but not that of any derivative.
Constraint: ip(r)0, for r=1,2,,mf.
14: a(lda,kplus1) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: a(i+1,j+1) contains the coefficient aij in the approximating polynomial of degree i, for i=n,,k and j=0,1,,i.
15: s(kplus1) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: s(i+1) contains Si, for i=n,,k, the root mean square residual corresponding to the approximating polynomial of degree i. In the case where the number of data points with nonzero weight is equal to k+1-n, Si is indeterminate: the routine sets it to zero. For the interpretation of the values of Si and their use in selecting an appropriate degree, see Section 3.1 in the E02 Chapter Introduction.
16: np1 Integer Output
On exit: n+1, where n is the total number of constraint conditions imposed: n=mf+p1+p2++pmf.
17: wrk(lwrk) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: contains weighted residuals of the highest degree of fit determined (k). The residual at xr is in element 2(n+1)+3(m+k+1)+r, for r=1,2,,m. The rest of the array is used as workspace.
18: lwrk Integer Input
On entry: the dimension of the array wrk as declared in the (sub)program from which e02agf is called.
Constraint: lwrkmax(4×m+3×kplus1,8×n+5×ipmax+mf+10)+2×n+2, where ipmax=max(ip(r)), for r=1,2,,mf.
19: iwrk(liwrk) Integer array Workspace
20: liwrk Integer Input
On entry: the dimension of the array iwrk as declared in the (sub)program from which e02agf is called.
Constraint: liwrk2×mf+2.
21: ifail Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, −1 or 1 to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of 0 causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of −1 means that an error message is printed while a value of 1 means that it is not.
If halting is not appropriate, the value −1 or 1 is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, the value 0 is recommended. When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or −1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
ifail=1
On entry, kplus1=value and N=value.
Constraint: kplus1N+1, where N is the total number of constraints.
On entry, lda=value and kplus1=value.
Constraint: ldakplus1.
On entry, liwrk is too small. liwrk=value. Minimum possible dimension: value.
On entry, lwrk is too small. lwrk=value. Minimum possible dimension: value.
On entry, lyf=value and N=value.
Constraint: lyfN, where N is the total number of constraints.
On entry, m=value.
Constraint: m1.
On entry, mf=value.
Constraint: mf1.
ifail=2
On entry, I=value and ip(I)=value.
Constraint: ip(I)0.
ifail=3
On entry, I=value, xf(I)=value, J=value and xf(J)=value.
Constraint: xf(I)xf(J).
On entry, xf(I) lies outside interval [xmin,xmax]: I=value, xf(I)=value, xmin=value and xmax=value.
On entry, xmin=value and xmax=value.
Constraint: xmin<xmax.
ifail=4
On entry, x(I) lies outside interval [xmin,xmax]: I=value, x(I)=value, xmin=value and xmax=value.
On entry, x(I) lies outside interval [xmin,xmax] for some I.
ifail=5
On entry, i=value, x(i)=value and x(i-1)=value.
Constraint: x(i)x(i-1).
ifail=6
On entry, kplus1>mdist+N, where mdist is the number of data points with nonzero weight and distinct abscissae different from all xf, and N is the total number of constraints: kplus1=value, mdist=value and N=value.
ifail=7
The polynomials μ(x) and/or ν(x) cannot be found. The problem is too ill-conditioned. This may occur when the constraint points are very close together, or large in number, or when an attempt is made to constrain high-order derivatives.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

No complete error analysis exists for either the interpolating algorithm or the approximating algorithm. However, considerable experience with the approximating algorithm shows that it is generally extremely satisfactory. Also the moderate number of constraints, of low-order, which are typical of data fitting applications, are unlikely to cause difficulty with the interpolating routine.

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.
e02agf is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

The time taken to form the interpolating polynomial is approximately proportional to n3, and that to form the approximating polynomials is very approximately proportional to m(k+1)(k+1-n).
To carry out a least squares polynomial fit without constraints, use e02adf. To carry out polynomial interpolation only, use e01aef.

10 Example

This example reads data in the following order, using the notation of the argument list above:
The output is:
The program is written in a generalized form which will read any number of datasets.
The dataset supplied specifies 5 data points in the interval [0.0,4.0] with unit weights, to which are to be fitted polynomials, p, of degrees up to 4, subject to the 3 constraints:

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (e02agfe.f90)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (e02agfe.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (e02agfe.r)
GnuplotProduced by GNUPLOT 5.4 patchlevel 6 −2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 −0.004 −0.002 0 0.002 0.004 residual polynomial fit Polynomial Fit P(x) Residual P(xi)yi x data points data points gnuplot_plot_2 gnuplot_plot_3 Example Program Constrained Least-squares Polynomial Approximation