# NAG CL Interfacef08jbc (dstevx)

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## 1Purpose

f08jbc computes selected eigenvalues and, optionally, eigenvectors of a real symmetric tridiagonal matrix $A$. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors can be selected by specifying either a range of values or a range of indices for the desired eigenvalues.

## 2Specification

 #include
 void f08jbc (Nag_OrderType order, Nag_JobType job, Nag_RangeType range, Integer n, double d[], double e[], double vl, double vu, Integer il, Integer iu, double abstol, Integer *m, double w[], double z[], Integer pdz, Integer jfail[], NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: f08jbc, nag_lapackeig_dstevx or nag_dstevx.

## 3Description

f08jbc computes the required eigenvalues and eigenvectors of $A$ by reducing the tridiagonal matrix to diagonal form using the $QR$ algorithm. Bisection is used to determine selected eigenvalues.

## 4References

Anderson E, Bai Z, Bischof C, Blackford S, Demmel J, Dongarra J J, Du Croz J J, Greenbaum A, Hammarling S, McKenney A and Sorensen D (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide (3rd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia https://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug
Demmel J W and Kahan W (1990) Accurate singular values of bidiagonal matrices SIAM J. Sci. Statist. Comput. 11 873–912
Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

## 5Arguments

1: $\mathbf{order}$Nag_OrderType Input
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$. See Section 3.1.3 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$.
2: $\mathbf{job}$Nag_JobType Input
On entry: indicates whether eigenvectors are computed.
${\mathbf{job}}=\mathrm{Nag_EigVals}$
Only eigenvalues are computed.
${\mathbf{job}}=\mathrm{Nag_DoBoth}$
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are computed.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{job}}=\mathrm{Nag_EigVals}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_DoBoth}$.
3: $\mathbf{range}$Nag_RangeType Input
On entry: if ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_AllValues}$, all eigenvalues will be found.
If ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_Interval}$, all eigenvalues in the half-open interval $\left({\mathbf{vl}},{\mathbf{vu}}\right]$ will be found.
If ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_Indices}$, the ilth to iuth eigenvalues will be found.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_AllValues}$, $\mathrm{Nag_Interval}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_Indices}$.
4: $\mathbf{n}$Integer Input
On entry: $n$, the order of the matrix.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
5: $\mathbf{d}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$double Input/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array d must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
On entry: the $n$ diagonal elements of the tridiagonal matrix $A$.
On exit: may be multiplied by a constant factor chosen to avoid over/underflow in computing the eigenvalues.
6: $\mathbf{e}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$double Input/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array e must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}-1\right)$.
On entry: the $\left(n-1\right)$ subdiagonal elements of the tridiagonal matrix $A$.
On exit: may be multiplied by a constant factor chosen to avoid over/underflow in computing the eigenvalues.
7: $\mathbf{vl}$double Input
8: $\mathbf{vu}$double Input
On entry: if ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_Interval}$, the lower and upper bounds of the interval to be searched for eigenvalues.
If ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_AllValues}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_Indices}$, vl and vu are not referenced.
Constraint: if ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_Interval}$, ${\mathbf{vl}}<{\mathbf{vu}}$.
9: $\mathbf{il}$Integer Input
10: $\mathbf{iu}$Integer Input
On entry: if ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_Indices}$, il and iu specify the indices (in ascending order) of the smallest and largest eigenvalues to be returned, respectively.
If ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_AllValues}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_Interval}$, il and iu are not referenced.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_Indices}$ and ${\mathbf{n}}=0$, ${\mathbf{il}}=1$ and ${\mathbf{iu}}=0$;
• if ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_Indices}$ and ${\mathbf{n}}>0$, $1\le {\mathbf{il}}\le {\mathbf{iu}}\le {\mathbf{n}}$.
11: $\mathbf{abstol}$double Input
On entry: the absolute error tolerance for the eigenvalues. An approximate eigenvalue is accepted as converged when it is determined to lie in an interval $\left[a,b\right]$ of width less than or equal to
 $abstol+ε max(|a|,|b|) ,$
where $\epsilon$ is the machine precision. If abstol is less than or equal to zero, then $\epsilon {‖A‖}_{1}$ will be used in its place. Eigenvalues will be computed most accurately when abstol is set to twice the underflow threshold , not zero. If this function returns with ${\mathbf{fail}}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{code}=$ NE_CONVERGENCE, indicating that some eigenvectors did not converge, try setting abstol to . See Demmel and Kahan (1990).
12: $\mathbf{m}$Integer * Output
On exit: the total number of eigenvalues found. $0\le {\mathbf{m}}\le {\mathbf{n}}$.
If ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_AllValues}$, ${\mathbf{m}}={\mathbf{n}}$.
If ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_Indices}$, ${\mathbf{m}}={\mathbf{iu}}-{\mathbf{il}}+1$.
13: $\mathbf{w}\left[{\mathbf{n}}\right]$double Output
On exit: the first m elements contain the selected eigenvalues in ascending order.
14: $\mathbf{z}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$double Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array z must be at least
• $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{pdz}}×{\mathbf{n}}\right)$ when ${\mathbf{job}}=\mathrm{Nag_DoBoth}$;
• $1$ otherwise.
The $\left(i,j\right)$th element of the matrix $Z$ is stored in
• ${\mathbf{z}}\left[\left(j-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdz}}+i-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• ${\mathbf{z}}\left[\left(i-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdz}}+j-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
On exit: if ${\mathbf{job}}=\mathrm{Nag_DoBoth}$, then
• if ${\mathbf{fail}}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{code}=$ NE_NOERROR, the first m columns of $Z$ contain the orthonormal eigenvectors of the matrix $A$ corresponding to the selected eigenvalues, with the $i$th column of $Z$ holding the eigenvector associated with ${\mathbf{w}}\left[i-1\right]$;
• if an eigenvector fails to converge (${\mathbf{fail}}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{code}=$ NE_CONVERGENCE), then that column of $Z$ contains the latest approximation to the eigenvector, and the index of the eigenvector is returned in jfail.
If ${\mathbf{job}}=\mathrm{Nag_EigVals}$, z is not referenced.
15: $\mathbf{pdz}$Integer Input
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array z.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{job}}=\mathrm{Nag_DoBoth}$, ${\mathbf{pdz}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$;
• otherwise ${\mathbf{pdz}}\ge 1$.
16: $\mathbf{jfail}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$Integer Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array jfail must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
On exit: if ${\mathbf{job}}=\mathrm{Nag_DoBoth}$, then
• if ${\mathbf{fail}}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{code}=$ NE_NOERROR, the first m elements of jfail are zero;
• if ${\mathbf{fail}}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{code}=$ NE_CONVERGENCE, jfail contains the indices of the eigenvectors that failed to converge.
If ${\mathbf{job}}=\mathrm{Nag_EigVals}$, jfail is not referenced.
17: $\mathbf{fail}$NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

## 6Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
On entry, argument $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ had an illegal value.
NE_CONVERGENCE
The algorithm failed to converge; $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ eigenvectors did not converge. Their indices are stored in array jfail.
NE_ENUM_INT_2
On entry, ${\mathbf{job}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$, ${\mathbf{pdz}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ and ${\mathbf{n}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: if ${\mathbf{job}}=\mathrm{Nag_DoBoth}$, ${\mathbf{pdz}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$;
otherwise ${\mathbf{pdz}}\ge 1$.
NE_ENUM_INT_3
On entry, ${\mathbf{range}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$, ${\mathbf{il}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$, ${\mathbf{iu}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ and ${\mathbf{n}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: if ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_Indices}$ and ${\mathbf{n}}=0$, ${\mathbf{il}}=1$ and ${\mathbf{iu}}=0$;
if ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_Indices}$ and ${\mathbf{n}}>0$, $1\le {\mathbf{il}}\le {\mathbf{iu}}\le {\mathbf{n}}$.
NE_ENUM_REAL_2
On entry, ${\mathbf{range}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$, ${\mathbf{vl}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ and ${\mathbf{vu}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: if ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_Interval}$, ${\mathbf{vl}}<{\mathbf{vu}}$.
NE_INT
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdz}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdz}}>0$.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.

## 7Accuracy

The computed eigenvalues and eigenvectors are exact for a nearby matrix $\left(A+E\right)$, where
 $‖E‖2 = O(ε) ‖A‖2 ,$
and $\epsilon$ is the machine precision. See Section 4.7 of Anderson et al. (1999) for further details.

## 8Parallelism and Performance

f08jbc is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
f08jbc makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

The total number of floating-point operations is proportional to ${n}^{2}$ if ${\mathbf{job}}=\mathrm{Nag_EigVals}$ and is proportional to ${n}^{3}$ if ${\mathbf{job}}=\mathrm{Nag_DoBoth}$ and ${\mathbf{range}}=\mathrm{Nag_AllValues}$, otherwise the number of floating-point operations will depend upon the number of computed eigenvectors.

## 10Example

This example finds the eigenvalues in the half-open interval $\left(0,5\right]$, and the corresponding eigenvectors, of the symmetric tridiagonal matrix
 $A = ( 1 1 0 0 1 4 2 0 0 2 9 3 0 0 3 16 ) .$

### 10.1Program Text

Program Text (f08jbce.c)

### 10.2Program Data

Program Data (f08jbce.d)

### 10.3Program Results

Program Results (f08jbce.r)