# NAG CL Interfaced02txc (bvp_​coll_​nlin_​contin)

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## 1Purpose

d02txc allows a solution to a nonlinear two-point boundary value problem computed by d02tlc to be used as an initial approximation in the solution of a related nonlinear two-point boundary value problem in a continuation call to d02tlc.

## 2Specification

 #include
 void d02txc (Integer mxmesh, Integer nmesh, const double mesh[], const Integer ipmesh[], double rcomm[], Integer icomm[], NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: d02txc or nag_ode_bvp_coll_nlin_contin.

## 3Description

d02txc and its associated functions (d02tlc, d02tvc, d02tyc and d02tzc) solve the two-point boundary value problem for a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations
 $y1(m1) (x) = f1 (x,y1,y1(1),…,y1(m1-1),y2,…,yn(mn-1)) y2(m2) (x) = f2 (x,y1,y1(1),…,y1(m1-1),y2,…,yn(mn-1)) ⋮ yn(mn) (x) = fn (x,y1,y1(1),…,y1(m1-1),y2,…,yn(mn-1))$
over an interval $\left[a,b\right]$ subject to $p$ ($\text{}>0$) nonlinear boundary conditions at $a$ and $q$ ($\text{}>0$) nonlinear boundary conditions at $b$, where $p+q=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{m}_{i}$. Note that ${y}_{i}^{\left(m\right)}\left(x\right)$ is the $m$th derivative of the $i$th solution component. Hence ${y}_{i}^{\left(0\right)}\left(x\right)={y}_{i}\left(x\right)$. The left boundary conditions at $a$ are defined as
 $gi(z(y(a)))=0, i=1,2,…,p,$
and the right boundary conditions at $b$ as
 $g¯j(z(y(b)))=0, j=1,2,…,q,$
where $y=\left({y}_{1},{y}_{2},\dots ,{y}_{n}\right)$ and
 $z(y(x)) = (y1(x), y1(1) (x) ,…, y1(m1-1) (x) ,y2(x),…, yn(mn-1) (x) ) .$
First, d02tvc must be called to specify the initial mesh, error requirements and other details. Then, d02tlc can be used to solve the boundary value problem. After successful computation, d02tzc can be used to ascertain details about the final mesh. d02tyc can be used to compute the approximate solution anywhere on the interval $\left[a,b\right]$ using interpolation.
If the boundary value problem being solved is one of a sequence of related problems, for example as part of some continuation process, then d02txc should be used between calls to d02tlc. This avoids the overhead of a complete initialization when the setup function d02tvc is used. d02txc allows the solution values computed in the previous call to d02tlc to be used as an initial approximation for the solution in the next call to d02tlc.
You must specify the new initial mesh. The previous mesh can be obtained by a call to d02tzc. It may be used unchanged as the new mesh, in which case any fixed points in the previous mesh remain as fixed points in the new mesh. Fixed and other points may be added or subtracted from the mesh by manipulation of the contents of the array argument ipmesh. Initial values for the solution components on the new mesh are computed by interpolation on the values for the solution components on the previous mesh.
The functions are based on modified versions of the codes COLSYS and COLNEW (see Ascher et al. (1979) and Ascher and Bader (1987)). A comprehensive treatment of the numerical solution of boundary value problems can be found in Ascher et al. (1988) and Keller (1992).

## 4References

Ascher U M and Bader G (1987) A new basis implementation for a mixed order boundary value ODE solver SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput. 8 483–500
Ascher U M, Christiansen J and Russell R D (1979) A collocation solver for mixed order systems of boundary value problems Math. Comput. 33 659–679
Ascher U M, Mattheij R M M and Russell R D (1988) Numerical Solution of Boundary Value Problems for Ordinary Differential Equations Prentice–Hall
Keller H B (1992) Numerical Methods for Two-point Boundary-value Problems Dover, New York

## 5Arguments

1: $\mathbf{mxmesh}$Integer Input
On entry: the maximum number of points allowed in the mesh.
Constraint: this must be identical to the value supplied for the argument mxmesh in the prior call to d02tvc.
2: $\mathbf{nmesh}$Integer Input
On entry: the number of points to be used in the new initial mesh. It is strongly recommended that if this function is called that the suggested value (see below) for nmesh is used. In this case the arrays mesh and ipmesh returned by d02tzc can be passed to this function without any modification.
Suggested value: $\left({n}^{*}+1\right)/2$, where ${n}^{*}$ is the number of mesh points used in the previous mesh as returned in the argument nmesh of d02tzc.
Constraint: $6\le {\mathbf{nmesh}}\le \left({\mathbf{mxmesh}}+1\right)/2$.
3: $\mathbf{mesh}\left[{\mathbf{mxmesh}}\right]$const double Input
On entry: the nmesh points to be used in the new initial mesh as specified by ipmesh.
Suggested value: the argument mesh returned from a call to d02tzc.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{mesh}}\left[{i}_{\mathit{j}}-1\right]<{\mathbf{mesh}}\left[{i}_{\mathit{j}+1}-1\right]$, for $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,{\mathbf{nmesh}}-1$, the values of ${i}_{1},{i}_{2},\dots ,{i}_{{\mathbf{nmesh}}}$ are defined in ipmesh.
${\mathbf{mesh}}\left[{i}_{1}-1\right]$ must contain the left boundary point, $a$, and ${\mathbf{mesh}}\left[{i}_{{\mathbf{nmesh}}}-1\right]$ must contain the right boundary point, $b$, as specified in the previous call to d02tvc.
4: $\mathbf{ipmesh}\left[{\mathbf{mxmesh}}\right]$const Integer Input
On entry: specifies the points in mesh to be used as the new initial mesh. Let $\left\{{i}_{j}:j=1,2,\dots ,{\mathbf{nmesh}}\right\}$ be the set of array indices of ipmesh such that ${\mathbf{ipmesh}}\left[{i}_{j}-1\right]=1$ or $2$ and $1={i}_{1}<{i}_{2}<\cdots <{i}_{{\mathbf{nmesh}}}$. Then ${\mathbf{mesh}}\left[{i}_{j}-1\right]$ will be included in the new initial mesh.
If ${\mathbf{ipmesh}}\left[{i}_{j}-1\right]=1$, ${\mathbf{mesh}}\left[{i}_{j}-1\right]$ will be a fixed point in the new initial mesh.
If ${\mathbf{ipmesh}}\left[k-1\right]=3$ for any $k$, ${\mathbf{mesh}}\left[k-1\right]$ will not be included in the new mesh.
Suggested value: the argument ipmesh returned in a call to d02tzc.
Constraints:
• ${\mathbf{ipmesh}}\left[\mathit{k}-1\right]=1$, $2$ or $3$, for $\mathit{k}=1,2,\dots ,{i}_{{\mathbf{nmesh}}}$;
• ${\mathbf{ipmesh}}\left[0\right]={\mathbf{ipmesh}}\left[{i}_{{\mathbf{nmesh}}}-1\right]=1$.
5: $\mathbf{rcomm}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$double Communication Array
Note: the dimension, $\mathit{dim}$, of this array is dictated by the requirements of associated functions that must have been previously called. This array MUST be the same array passed as argument rcomm in the previous call to d02tlc.
On entry: this must be the same array as supplied to d02tlc and must remain unchanged between calls.
On exit: contains information about the solution for use on subsequent calls to associated functions.
6: $\mathbf{icomm}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$Integer Communication Array
Note: the dimension, $\mathit{dim}$, of this array is dictated by the requirements of associated functions that must have been previously called. This array MUST be the same array passed as argument icomm in the previous call to d02tlc.
On entry: this must be the same array as supplied to d02tlc and must remain unchanged between calls.
On exit: contains information about the solution for use on subsequent calls to associated functions.
7: $\mathbf{fail}$NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

## 6Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
On entry, argument $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ had an illegal value.
NE_CONVERGENCE_SOL
The solver function did not produce any results suitable for remeshing.
NE_INT
An element of ipmesh was set to $-1$ before nmesh elements containing $1$ or $2$ were detected.
${\mathbf{ipmesh}}\left[i\right]\ne -1$, $1$, $2$ or $3$ for some $i$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{ipmesh}}\left[0\right]=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{ipmesh}}\left[0\right]=1$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{nmesh}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nmesh}}\ge 6$.
You have set the element of ipmesh corresponding to the last element of mesh to be included in the new mesh as $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$, which is not $1$.
NE_INT_2
On entry, ${\mathbf{nmesh}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ and ${\mathbf{mxmesh}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nmesh}}\le \left({\mathbf{mxmesh}}+1\right)/2$.
NE_INT_CHANGED
On entry, ${\mathbf{mxmesh}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ and ${\mathbf{mxmesh}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ in d02tvc.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{mxmesh}}={\mathbf{mxmesh}}$ in d02tvc.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_MESH_ERROR
The first element of array mesh does not coincide with the left-hand end of the range previously specified.
First element of mesh: $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$; left-hand of the range: $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
The last point of the new mesh does not coincide with the right hand end of the range previously specified.
Last point of the new mesh: $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$; right-hand end of the range: $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
NE_MISSING_CALL
The solver function does not appear to have been called.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NOT_STRICTLY_INCREASING
The entries in mesh are not strictly increasing.

Not applicable.

## 8Parallelism and Performance

d02txc is not threaded in any implementation.

For problems where sharp changes of behaviour are expected over short intervals it may be advisable to:
• cluster the mesh points where sharp changes in behaviour are expected;
• maintain fixed points in the mesh using the argument ipmesh to ensure that the remeshing process does not inadvertently remove mesh points from areas of known interest.
In the absence of any other information about the expected behaviour of the solution, using the values suggested in Section 5 for nmesh, ipmesh and mesh is strongly recommended.

## 10Example

This example illustrates the use of continuation, solution on an infinite range, and solution of a system of two differential equations of orders $3$ and $2$. See also d02tlc, d02tvc, d02tyc and d02tzc, for the illustration of other facilities.
Consider the problem of swirling flow over an infinite stationary disk with a magnetic field along the axis of rotation. See Ascher et al. (1988) and the references therein. After transforming from a cylindrical coordinate system $\left(r,\theta ,z\right)$, in which the $\theta$ component of the corresponding velocity field behaves like ${r}^{-n}$, the governing equations are
 $f′′′+12(3-n)ff′′+n (f′) 2+g2-sf′ = γ2 g′′+12(3-n)fg′+(n-1)gf′-s(g-1) = 0$
with boundary conditions
 $f(0)=f′(0)=g(0)= 0, f′(∞)= 0, g(∞)=γ,$
where $s$ is the magnetic field strength, and $\gamma$ is the Rossby number.
Some solutions of interest are for $\gamma =1$, small $n$ and $s\to 0$. An added complication is the infinite range, which we approximate by $\left[0,L\right]$. We choose $n=0.2$ and first solve for $L=60.0,s=0.24$ using the initial approximations $f\left(x\right)=-{x}^{2}{e}^{-x}$ and $g\left(x\right)=1.0-{e}^{-x}$, which satisfy the boundary conditions, on a uniform mesh of $21$ points. Simple continuation on the parameters $L$ and $s$ using the values $L=120.0,s=0.144$ and then $L=240.0,s=0.0864$ is used to compute further solutions. We use the suggested values for nmesh, ipmesh and mesh in the call to d02txc prior to a continuation call, that is only every second point of the preceding mesh is used.
The equations are first mapped onto $\left[0,1\right]$ to yield
 $f′′′ = L3(γ2-g2)+L2sf′-L(12(3-n)ff′′+n (f′) 2) g′′ = L2s(g-1)-L(12(3-n)fg′+(n-1)f′g).$

### 10.1Program Text

Program Text (d02txce.c)

### 10.2Program Data

Program Data (d02txce.d)

### 10.3Program Results

Program Results (d02txce.r)