# NAG CL Interfacec05bbc (lambertw_​complex)

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## 1Purpose

c05bbc computes the values of Lambert's $W$ function $W\left(z\right)$.

## 2Specification

 #include
 void c05bbc (Integer branch, Nag_Boolean offset, Complex z, Complex *w, double *resid, NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: c05bbc, nag_roots_lambertw_complex or nag_lambertw_complex.

## 3Description

c05bbc calculates an approximate value for Lambert's $W$ function (sometimes known as the ‘product log’ or ‘Omega’ function), which is the inverse function of
 $f(w) = wew for w∈C .$
The function $f$ is many-to-one, and so, except at $0$, $W$ is multivalued. c05bbc allows you to specify the branch of $W$ on which you would like the results to lie by using the argument branch. Our choice of branch cuts is as in Corless et al. (1996), and the ranges of the branches of $W$ are summarised in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Ranges of the branches of $W\left(z\right)$
For more information about the closure of each branch, which is not displayed in Figure 1, see Corless et al. (1996). The dotted lines in the Figure denote the asymptotic boundaries of the branches, at multiples of $\pi$.
The precise method used to approximate $W$ is as described in Corless et al. (1996). For $z$ close to $-\mathrm{exp}\left(-1\right)$ greater accuracy comes from evaluating $W\left(-\mathrm{exp}\left(-1\right)+\Delta z\right)$ rather than $W\left(z\right)$: by setting ${\mathbf{offset}}=\mathrm{Nag_TRUE}$ on entry you inform c05bbc that you are providing $\Delta z$, not $z$, in z.

## 4References

Corless R M, Gonnet G H, Hare D E G, Jeffrey D J and Knuth D E (1996) On the Lambert $W$ function Advances in Comp. Math. 3 329–359

## 5Arguments

1: $\mathbf{branch}$Integer Input
On entry: the branch required.
2: $\mathbf{offset}$Nag_Boolean Input
On entry: controls whether or not z is being specified as an offset from $-\mathrm{exp}\left(-1\right)$.
3: $\mathbf{z}$Complex Input
On entry: if ${\mathbf{offset}}=\mathrm{Nag_TRUE}$, z is the offset $\Delta z$ from $-\mathrm{exp}\left(-1\right)$ of the intended argument to $W$; that is, $W\left(\beta \right)$ is computed, where $\beta =-\mathrm{exp}\left(-1\right)+\Delta z$.
If ${\mathbf{offset}}=\mathrm{Nag_FALSE}$, z is the argument $z$ of the function; that is, $W\left(\beta \right)$ is computed, where $\beta =z$.
4: $\mathbf{w}$Complex * Output
On exit: the value $W\left(\beta \right)$: see also the description of z.
5: $\mathbf{resid}$double * Output
On exit: the residual $|W\left(\beta \right)\mathrm{exp}\left(W\left(\beta \right)\right)-\beta |$: see also the description of z.
6: $\mathbf{fail}$NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

## 6Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
On entry, argument $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ had an illegal value.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NW_REAL
For the given offset ${\mathbf{z}}$, $W$ is negligibly different from $-1$: $\mathrm{Re}\left({\mathbf{z}}\right)=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ and $\mathrm{Im}\left({\mathbf{z}}\right)=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
${\mathbf{z}}$ is close to $-\mathrm{exp}\left(-1\right)$. Enter ${\mathbf{z}}$ as an offset to $-\mathrm{exp}\left(-1\right)$ for greater accuracy: $\mathrm{Re}\left({\mathbf{z}}\right)=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ and $\mathrm{Im}\left({\mathbf{z}}\right)=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
NW_TOO_MANY_ITER
The iterative procedure used internally did not converge in $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ iterations. Check the value of resid for the accuracy of w.

## 7Accuracy

For a high percentage of ${\mathbf{z}}$, c05bbc is accurate to the number of decimal digits of precision on the host machine (see X02BEC). An extra digit may be lost on some platforms and for a small proportion of ${\mathbf{z}}$. This depends on the accuracy of the base-$10$ logarithm on your system.

## 8Parallelism and Performance

c05bbc is not threaded in any implementation.

The following figures show the principal branch of $W$.
Figure 2: $\mathrm{real}\left({W}_{0}\left(z\right)\right)$