NAG FL Interface
s14aaf (gamma)

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1 Purpose

s14aaf returns the value of the gamma function Γ(x), via the function name.

2 Specification

Fortran Interface
Function s14aaf ( x, ifail)
Real (Kind=nag_wp) :: s14aaf
Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ifail
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: x
C Header Interface
#include <nag.h>
double  s14aaf_ (const double *x, Integer *ifail)
The routine may be called by the names s14aaf or nagf_specfun_gamma.

3 Description

s14aaf evaluates an approximation to the gamma function Γ(x). The routine is based on the Chebyshev expansion:
Γ(1+u) = r=0 ar Tr (t)  
where 0u<1,t = 2u-1, and uses the property Γ(1+x) = xΓ(x) . If x=N+1+u where N is integral and 0u<1 then it follows that:
for N>0, Γ(x)=(x-1)(x-2)(x-N)Γ(1+u),
for N=0, Γ(x)=Γ(1+u),
for N<0, Γ(x) = Γ(1+u) x(x+1)(x+2)(x-N-1) .
There are four possible failures for this routine:
  1. (i)if x is too large, there is a danger of overflow since Γ(x) could become too large to be represented in the machine;
  2. (ii)if x is too large and negative, there is a danger of underflow;
  3. (iii)if x is equal to a negative integer, Γ(x) would overflow since it has poles at such points;
  4. (iv)if x is too near zero, there is again the danger of overflow on some machines. For small x, Γ(x)1/x, and on some machines there exists a range of nonzero but small values of x for which 1/x is larger than the greatest representable value.

4 References

NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions

5 Arguments

1: x Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: the argument x of the function.
Constraint: x must not be zero or a negative integer.
2: ifail Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, −1 or 1 to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of 0 causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of −1 means that an error message is printed while a value of 1 means that it is not.
If halting is not appropriate, the value −1 or 1 is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, the value 0 is recommended. When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or −1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
ifail=1
On entry, x=value.
Constraint: xvalue.
The argument is too large, the function returns the approximate value of Γ (x) at the nearest valid argument.
ifail=2
On entry, x=value. The function returns zero.
Constraint: xvalue.
The argument is too large and negative, the function returns zero.
ifail=3
On entry, x=value.
Constraint: |x|value.
The argument is too close to zero, the function returns the approximate value of Γ (x) at the nearest valid argument.
ifail=4
On entry, x=value.
Constraint: x must not be a negative integer.
The argument is a negative integer, at which values Γ (x) is infinite. The function returns a large positive value.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

Let δ and ε be the relative errors in the argument and the result respectively. If δ is somewhat larger than the machine precision (i.e., is due to data errors etc.), then ε and δ are approximately related by:
ε|xΨ(x)|δ  
(provided ε is also greater than the representation error). Here Ψ(x) is the digamma function Γ(x) Γ(x) . Figure 1 shows the behaviour of the error amplification factor |xΨ(x)|.
If δ is of the same order as machine precision, then rounding errors could make ε slightly larger than the above relation predicts.
There is clearly a severe, but unavoidable, loss of accuracy for arguments close to the poles of Γ(x) at negative integers. However, relative accuracy is preserved near the pole at x=0 right up to the point of failure arising from the danger of overflow.
Also, accuracy will necessarily be lost as x becomes large since in this region
εδxlnx.  
However, since Γ(x) increases rapidly with x, the routine must fail due to the danger of overflow before this loss of accuracy is too great. (For example, for x=20, the amplification factor 60.)
Figure 1
Figure 1

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.
s14aaf is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

None.

10 Example

This example reads values of the argument x from a file, evaluates the function at each value of x and prints the results.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (s14aafe.f90)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (s14aafe.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (s14aafe.r)
GnuplotProduced by GNUPLOT 4.6 patchlevel 3 −4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 Γ(x) x Example Program Returned Values for the Gamma Function Γ(x) gnuplot_plot_1