# NAG FL Interfacef12apf (complex_​iter)

Note: this routine uses optional parameters to define choices in the problem specification. If you wish to use default settings for all of the optional parameters, then the option setting routine f12arf need not be called. If, however, you wish to reset some or all of the settings please refer to Section 11 in f12arf for a detailed description of the specification of the optional parameters.

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## 1Purpose

f12apf is an iterative solver in a suite of routines consisting of f12anf, f12apf, f12aqf, f12arf and f12asf. It is used to find some of the eigenvalues (and optionally the corresponding eigenvectors) of a standard or generalized eigenvalue problem defined by complex nonsymmetric matrices.

## 2Specification

Fortran Interface
 Subroutine f12apf ( v, ldv, x, mx, comm,
 Integer, Intent (In) :: ldv Integer, Intent (Inout) :: irevcm, icomm(*), ifail Integer, Intent (Out) :: nshift Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: resid(*), v(ldv,*), x(*), mx(*), comm(*)
#include <nag.h>
 void f12apf_ (Integer *irevcm, Complex resid[], Complex v[], const Integer *ldv, Complex x[], Complex mx[], Integer *nshift, Complex comm[], Integer icomm[], Integer *ifail)
The routine may be called by the names f12apf or nagf_sparseig_complex_iter.

## 3Description

The suite of routines is designed to calculate some of the eigenvalues, $\lambda$, (and optionally the corresponding eigenvectors, $x$) of a standard eigenvalue problem $Ax=\lambda x$, or of a generalized eigenvalue problem $Ax=\lambda Bx$ of order $n$, where $n$ is large and the coefficient matrices $A$ and $B$ are sparse, complex and nonsymmetric. The suite can also be used to find selected eigenvalues/eigenvectors of smaller scale dense, complex and nonsymmetric problems.
f12apf is a reverse communication routine, based on the ARPACK routine znaupd, using the Implicitly Restarted Arnoldi iteration method. The method is described in Lehoucq and Sorensen (1996) and Lehoucq (2001) while its use within the ARPACK software is described in great detail in Lehoucq et al. (1998). An evaluation of software for computing eigenvalues of sparse nonsymmetric matrices is provided in Lehoucq and Scott (1996). This suite of routines offers the same functionality as the ARPACK software for complex nonsymmetric problems, but the interface design is quite different in order to make the option setting clearer and to simplify the interface of f12apf.
The setup routine f12anf must be called before f12apf, the reverse communication iterative solver. Options may be set for f12apf by prior calls to the option setting routine f12arf and a post-processing routine f12aqf must be called following a successful final exit from f12apf. f12asf may be called following certain flagged, intermediate exits from f12apf to provide additional monitoring information about the computation.
f12apf uses reverse communication, i.e., it returns repeatedly to the calling program with the argument irevcm (see Section 5) set to specified values which require the calling program to carry out one of the following tasks:
• compute the matrix-vector product $y=\mathrm{op}\left(x\right)$, where $\mathrm{op}$ is defined by the computational mode;
• compute the matrix-vector product $y=Bx$;
• notify the completion of the computation;
• allow the calling program to monitor the solution.
The problem type to be solved (standard or generalized), the spectrum of eigenvalues of interest, the mode used (regular, regular inverse, shifted inverse, shifted real or shifted imaginary) and other options can all be set using the option setting routine f12arf (see Section 11.1 in f12arf for details on setting options and of the default settings).

## 4References

Lehoucq R B (2001) Implicitly restarted Arnoldi methods and subspace iteration SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 23 551–562
Lehoucq R B and Scott J A (1996) An evaluation of software for computing eigenvalues of sparse nonsymmetric matrices Preprint MCS-P547-1195 Argonne National Laboratory
Lehoucq R B and Sorensen D C (1996) Deflation techniques for an implicitly restarted Arnoldi iteration SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 17 789–821
Lehoucq R B, Sorensen D C and Yang C (1998) ARPACK Users' Guide: Solution of Large-scale Eigenvalue Problems with Implicitly Restarted Arnoldi Methods SIAM, Philadelphia

## 5Arguments

Note: this routine uses reverse communication. Its use involves an initial entry, intermediate exits and re-entries, and a final exit, as indicated by the argument irevcm. Between intermediate exits and re-entries, all arguments other than x, mx and comm must remain unchanged.
1: $\mathbf{irevcm}$Integer Input/Output
On initial entry: ${\mathbf{irevcm}}=0$, otherwise an error condition will be raised.
On intermediate re-entry: must be unchanged from its previous exit value. Changing irevcm to any other value between calls will result in an error.
On intermediate exit: has the following meanings.
${\mathbf{irevcm}}=-1$
The calling program must compute the matrix-vector product $y=\mathrm{op}\left(x\right)$, where $x$ is stored in x (by default) or in the array comm (starting from the location given by the first element of icomm) when the option ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{YES}$ is set in a prior call to f12arf. The result $y$ is returned in x (by default) or in the array comm (starting from the location given by the second element of icomm) when the option ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{YES}$ is set.
${\mathbf{irevcm}}=1$
The calling program must compute the matrix-vector product $y=\mathrm{op}\left(x\right)$. This is similar to the case ${\mathbf{irevcm}}=-1$ except that the result of the matrix-vector product $Bx$ (as required in some computational modes) has already been computed and is available in mx (by default) or in the array comm (starting from the location given by the third element of icomm) when the option ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{YES}$ is set.
${\mathbf{irevcm}}=2$
The calling program must compute the matrix-vector product $y=Bx$, where $x$ is stored in x and $y$ is returned in mx (by default) or in the array comm (starting from the location given by the second element of icomm) when the option ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{YES}$ is set.
${\mathbf{irevcm}}=3$
Compute the nshift complex shifts. This value of irevcm will only arise if the optional parameter Supplied Shifts is set in a prior call to f12arf which is intended for experienced users only; the default and recommended option is to use exact shifts (see Lehoucq et al. (1998) for details).
${\mathbf{irevcm}}=4$
Monitoring step: a call to f12asf can now be made to return the number of Arnoldi iterations, the number of converged Ritz values, the array of converged values, and the corresponding Ritz estimates.
On final exit: ${\mathbf{irevcm}}=5$: f12apf has completed its tasks. The value of ifail determines whether the iteration has been successfully completed, or whether errors have been detected. On successful completion f12aqf must be called to return the requested eigenvalues and eigenvectors (and/or Schur vectors).
Constraint: on initial entry, ${\mathbf{irevcm}}=0$; on re-entry irevcm must remain unchanged.
Note: any values you return to f12apf as part of the reverse communication procedure should not include floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by f12apf. If your code does inadvertently return any NaNs or infinities, f12apf is likely to produce unexpected results.
2: $\mathbf{resid}\left(*\right)$Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
Note: the dimension of the array resid must be at least ${\mathbf{n}}$ (see f12anf).
On initial entry: need not be set unless the option Initial Residual has been set in a prior call to f12arf in which case resid should contain an initial residual vector, possibly from a previous run.
On intermediate re-entry: must be unchanged from its previous exit. Changing resid to any other value between calls may result in an error exit.
On intermediate exit: contains the current residual vector.
On final exit: contains the final residual vector.
3: $\mathbf{v}\left({\mathbf{ldv}},*\right)$Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
Note: the second dimension of the array v must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{ncv}}\right)$ (see f12anf).
On initial entry: need not be set.
On intermediate re-entry: must be unchanged from its previous exit.
On intermediate exit: contains the current set of Arnoldi basis vectors.
On final exit: contains the final set of Arnoldi basis vectors.
4: $\mathbf{ldv}$Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array v as declared in the (sub)program from which f12apf is called.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{ldv}}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$.
5: $\mathbf{x}\left(*\right)$Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
Note: the dimension of the array x must be at least ${\mathbf{n}}$ if ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{NO}$ (default) and at least $1$ if ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{YES}$ (see f12anf).
On initial entry: need not be set, it is used as a convenient mechanism for accessing elements of comm.
On intermediate re-entry: if ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{YES}$, x need not be set.
If ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{NO}$, x must contain the result of $y=\mathrm{op}\left(x\right)$ when irevcm returns the value $-1$ or $+1$. It must return the computed shifts when irevcm returns the value $3$.
On intermediate exit: if ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{YES}$, x is not referenced.
If ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{NO}$, x contains the vector $x$ when irevcm returns the value $-1$ or $+1$.
On final exit: does not contain useful data.
6: $\mathbf{mx}\left(*\right)$Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
Note: the dimension of the array mx must be at least ${\mathbf{n}}$ if ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{NO}$ (default) and at least $1$ if ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{YES}$ (see f12anf).
On initial entry: need not be set, it is used as a convenient mechanism for accessing elements of comm.
On intermediate re-entry: if ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{YES}$, mx need not be set.
If ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{NO}$, mx must contain the result of $y=Bx$ when irevcm returns the value $2$.
On intermediate exit: if ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{YES}$, mx is not referenced.
If ${\mathbf{Pointers}}=\mathrm{NO}$, mx contains the vector $Bx$ when irevcm returns the value $+1$.
On final exit: does not contain any useful data.
7: $\mathbf{nshift}$Integer Output
On intermediate exit: if the option Supplied Shifts is set and irevcm returns a value of $3$, nshift returns the number of complex shifts required.
8: $\mathbf{comm}\left(*\right)$Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Communication Array
Note: the actual argument supplied must be the array comm supplied to the initialization routine f12anf.
On initial entry: must remain unchanged following a call to the setup routine f12anf.
On exit: contains data defining the current state of the iterative process.
9: $\mathbf{icomm}\left(*\right)$Integer array Communication Array
Note: the actual argument supplied must be the array icomm supplied to the initialization routine f12anf.
On initial entry: must remain unchanged following a call to the setup routine f12anf.
On exit: contains data defining the current state of the iterative process.
10: $\mathbf{ifail}$Integer Input/Output
On initial entry: ifail must be set to $0$, $-1$ or $1$ to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of $0$ causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of $-1$ means that an error message is printed while a value of $1$ means that it is not.
If halting is not appropriate, the value $-1$ or $1$ is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, the value $-1$ is recommended since useful values can be provided in some output arguments even when ${\mathbf{ifail}}\ne {\mathbf{0}}$ on exit. When the value $-\mathbf{1}$ or $\mathbf{1}$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On final exit: ${\mathbf{ifail}}={\mathbf{0}}$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

## 6Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ${\mathbf{ifail}}=0$ or $-1$, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
${\mathbf{ifail}}=1$
The maximum number of iterations $\le 0$, the option Iteration Limit has been set to $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=2$
The options Generalized and Regular are incompatible.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=3$
The option Initial Residual was selected but the starting vector held in resid is zero.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=4$
The maximum number of iterations has been reached. The maximum number of $\text{iterations}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$. The number of converged eigenvalues $=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$. The post-processing routine f12aqf may be called to recover the converged eigenvalues at this point. Alternatively, the maximum number of iterations may be increased by a call to the option setting routine f12arf and the reverse communication loop restarted. A large number of iterations may indicate a poor choice for the values of nev and ncv; it is advisable to experiment with these values to reduce the number of iterations (see f12anf).
${\mathbf{ifail}}=5$
No shifts could be applied during a cycle of the implicitly restarted Arnoldi iteration.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=6$
Could not build an Arnoldi factorization. The size of the current Arnoldi factorization $=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=7$
Error in internal call to compute eigenvalues and corresponding error bounds of the current upper Hessenberg matrix. Please contact NAG.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=8$
Either the initialization routine has not been called prior to the first call of this routine or a communication array has become corrupted.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-99$
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-399$
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-999$
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

## 7Accuracy

The relative accuracy of a Ritz value, $\lambda$, is considered acceptable if its Ritz estimate $\text{}\le {\mathbf{Tolerance}}×|\lambda |$. The default Tolerance used is the machine precision given by x02ajf.

## 8Parallelism and Performance

f12apf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
f12apf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

None.

## 10Example

This example solves $Ax=\lambda x$ in shift-invert mode, where $A$ is obtained from the standard central difference discretization of the convection-diffusion operator $\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial {x}^{2}}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial {y}^{2}}+\rho \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}$ on the unit square, with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions. The shift used is a complex number.

### 10.1Program Text

Program Text (f12apfe.f90)

### 10.2Program Data

Program Data (f12apfe.d)

### 10.3Program Results

Program Results (f12apfe.r)