# NAG FL Interfaceg01dhf (ranks_​and_​scores)

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## 1Purpose

g01dhf computes the ranks, Normal scores, an approximation to the Normal scores or the exponential scores as requested by you.

## 2Specification

Fortran Interface
 Subroutine g01dhf ( ties, n, x, r, iwrk,
 Integer, Intent (In) :: n Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ifail Integer, Intent (Out) :: iwrk(n) Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: x(n) Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: r(n) Character (1), Intent (In) :: scores, ties
#include <nag.h>
 void g01dhf_ (const char *scores, const char *ties, const Integer *n, const double x[], double r[], Integer iwrk[], Integer *ifail, const Charlen length_scores, const Charlen length_ties)
The routine may be called by the names g01dhf or nagf_stat_ranks_and_scores.

## 3Description

g01dhf computes one of the following scores for a sample of observations, ${x}_{1},{x}_{2},\dots ,{x}_{n}$.
1. 1.Rank Scores
The ranks are assigned to the data in ascending order, that is the $i$th observation has score ${s}_{i}=k$ if it is the $k$th smallest observation in the sample.
2. 2.Normal Scores
The Normal scores are the expected values of the Normal order statistics from a sample of size $n$. If ${x}_{i}$ is the $k$th smallest observation in the sample, then the score for that observation, ${s}_{i}$, is $E\left({Z}_{k}\right)$ where ${Z}_{k}$ is the $k$th order statistic in a sample of size $n$ from a standard Normal distribution and $E$ is the expectation operator.
3. 3.Blom, Tukey and van der Waerden Scores
These scores are approximations to the Normal scores. The scores are obtained by evaluating the inverse cumulative Normal distribution function, ${\Phi }^{-1}\left(·\right)$, at the values of the ranks scaled into the interval $\left(0,1\right)$ using different scaling transformations.
The Blom scores use the scaling transformation $\frac{{r}_{i}-\frac{3}{8}}{n+\frac{1}{4}}$ for the rank ${r}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$. Thus the Blom score corresponding to the observation ${x}_{i}$ is
 $si = Φ-1 ( ri - 38 n+14 ) .$
The Tukey scores use the scaling transformation $\frac{{r}_{i}-\frac{1}{3}}{n+\frac{1}{3}}$; the Tukey score corresponding to the observation ${x}_{i}$ is
 $si = Φ-1 ( ri - 13 n+13 ) .$
The van der Waerden scores use the scaling transformation $\frac{{r}_{i}}{n+1}$; the van der Waerden score corresponding to the observation ${x}_{i}$ is
 $si = Φ-1 ( ri n+1 ) .$
The van der Waerden scores may be used to carry out the van der Waerden test for testing for differences between several population distributions, see Conover (1980).
4. 4.Savage Scores
The Savage scores are the expected values of the exponential order statistics from a sample of size $n$. They may be used in a test discussed by Savage (1956) and Lehmann (1975). If ${x}_{i}$ is the $k$th smallest observation in the sample, then the score for that observation is
 $si = E(Yk) = 1n + 1n-1 + ⋯ + 1n-k+1 ,$
where ${Y}_{k}$ is the $k$th order statistic in a sample of size $n$ from a standard exponential distribution and $E$ is the expectation operator.
Ties may be handled in one of five ways. Let ${x}_{t\left(\mathit{i}\right)}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,m$, denote $m$ tied observations, that is ${x}_{t\left(1\right)}={x}_{t\left(2\right)}=\cdots ={x}_{t\left(m\right)}$ with $t\left(1\right). If the rank of ${x}_{t\left(1\right)}$ is $k$, then if ties are ignored the rank of ${x}_{t\left(j\right)}$ will be $k+j-1$. Let the scores ignoring ties be ${s}_{t\left(1\right)}^{*},{s}_{t\left(2\right)}^{*},\dots ,{s}_{t\left(m\right)}^{*}$. Then the scores, ${s}_{t\left(\mathit{i}\right)}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,m$, may be calculated as follows:
• if averages are used, then ${s}_{t\left(i\right)}=\sum _{j=1}^{m}{s}_{t\left(j\right)}^{*}/m$;
• if the lowest score is used, then ${s}_{t\left(i\right)}={s}_{t\left(1\right)}^{*}$;
• if the highest score is used, then ${s}_{t\left(i\right)}={s}_{t\left(m\right)}^{*}$;
• if ties are to be broken randomly, then ${s}_{t\left(i\right)}={s}_{t\left(I\right)}^{*}$ where $I\in \left\{\text{random permutation of ​}1,2,\dots ,m\right\}$;
• if ties are to be ignored, then ${s}_{t\left(i\right)}={s}_{t\left(i\right)}^{*}$.

## 4References

Blom G (1958) Statistical Estimates and Transformed Beta-variables Wiley
Conover W J (1980) Practical Nonparametric Statistics Wiley
Lehmann E L (1975) Nonparametrics: Statistical Methods Based on Ranks Holden–Day
Savage I R (1956) Contributions to the theory of rank order statistics – the two-sample case Ann. Math. Statist. 27 590–615
Tukey J W (1962) The future of data analysis Ann. Math. Statist. 33 1–67

## 5Arguments

1: $\mathbf{scores}$Character(1) Input
On entry: indicates which of the following scores are required.
${\mathbf{scores}}=\text{'R'}$
The ranks.
${\mathbf{scores}}=\text{'N'}$
The Normal scores, that is the expected value of the Normal order statistics.
${\mathbf{scores}}=\text{'B'}$
The Blom version of the Normal scores.
${\mathbf{scores}}=\text{'T'}$
The Tukey version of the Normal scores.
${\mathbf{scores}}=\text{'V'}$
The van der Waerden version of the Normal scores.
${\mathbf{scores}}=\text{'S'}$
The Savage scores, that is the expected value of the exponential order statistics.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{scores}}=\text{'R'}$, $\text{'N'}$, $\text{'B'}$, $\text{'T'}$, $\text{'V'}$ or $\text{'S'}$.
2: $\mathbf{ties}$Character(1) Input
On entry: indicates which of the following methods is to be used to assign scores to tied observations.
${\mathbf{ties}}=\text{'A'}$
The average of the scores for tied observations is used.
${\mathbf{ties}}=\text{'L'}$
The lowest score in the group of ties is used.
${\mathbf{ties}}=\text{'H'}$
The highest score in the group of ties is used.
${\mathbf{ties}}=\text{'N'}$
The nonrepeatable random number generator is used to randomly untie any group of tied observations.
${\mathbf{ties}}=\text{'R'}$
The repeatable random number generator is used to randomly untie any group of tied observations.
${\mathbf{ties}}=\text{'I'}$
Any ties are ignored, that is the scores are assigned to tied observations in the order that they appear in the data.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{ties}}=\text{'A'}$, $\text{'L'}$, $\text{'H'}$, $\text{'N'}$, $\text{'R'}$ or $\text{'I'}$.
3: $\mathbf{n}$Integer Input
On entry: $n$, the number of observations.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 1$.
4: $\mathbf{x}\left({\mathbf{n}}\right)$Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: the sample of observations, ${x}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
5: $\mathbf{r}\left({\mathbf{n}}\right)$Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: contains the scores, ${s}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$, as specified by scores.
6: $\mathbf{iwrk}\left({\mathbf{n}}\right)$Integer array Workspace
7: $\mathbf{ifail}$Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to $0$, $-1$ or $1$ to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of $0$ causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of $-1$ means that an error message is printed while a value of $1$ means that it is not.
If halting is not appropriate, the value $-1$ or $1$ is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, the value $0$ is recommended. When the value $-\mathbf{1}$ or $\mathbf{1}$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ${\mathbf{ifail}}={\mathbf{0}}$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

## 6Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ${\mathbf{ifail}}=0$ or $-1$, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
${\mathbf{ifail}}=1$
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 1$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{scores}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{scores}}=\text{'R'}$, $\text{'N'}$, $\text{'B'}$, $\text{'T'}$, $\text{'V'}$ or $\text{'S'}$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{ties}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{ties}}=\text{'A'}$, $\text{'L'}$, $\text{'H'}$, $\text{'R'}$ or $\text{'I'}$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-99$
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-399$
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-999$
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

## 7Accuracy

For ${\mathbf{scores}}=\text{'R'}$, the results should be accurate to machine precision.
For ${\mathbf{scores}}=\text{'S'}$, the results should be accurate to a small multiple of machine precision.
For ${\mathbf{scores}}=\text{'N'}$, the results should have a relative accuracy of at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(100×\epsilon ,{10}^{-8}\right)$ where $\epsilon$ is the machine precision.
For ${\mathbf{scores}}=\text{'B'}$, $\text{'T'}$ or $\text{'V'}$, the results should have a relative accuracy of at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(10×\epsilon ,{10}^{-12}\right)$.

## 8Parallelism and Performance

g01dhf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

If more accurate Normal scores are required g01daf should be used with appropriate settings for the input argument etol.

## 10Example

This example computes and prints the Savage scores for a sample of five observations. The average of the scores of any tied observations is used.

### 10.1Program Text

Program Text (g01dhfe.f90)

### 10.2Program Data

Program Data (g01dhfe.d)

### 10.3Program Results

Program Results (g01dhfe.r)