# NAG FL Interfacef08taf (dspgv)

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## 1Purpose

f08taf computes all the eigenvalues and, optionally, all the eigenvectors of a real generalized symmetric-definite eigenproblem, of the form
 $Az=λBz , ABz=λz or BAz=λz ,$
where $A$ and $B$ are symmetric, stored in packed format, and $B$ is also positive definite.

## 2Specification

Fortran Interface
 Subroutine f08taf ( jobz, uplo, n, ap, bp, w, z, ldz, work, info)
 Integer, Intent (In) :: itype, n, ldz Integer, Intent (Out) :: info Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: ap(*), bp(*), z(ldz,*) Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: w(n), work(3*n) Character (1), Intent (In) :: jobz, uplo
#include <nag.h>
 void f08taf_ (const Integer *itype, const char *jobz, const char *uplo, const Integer *n, double ap[], double bp[], double w[], double z[], const Integer *ldz, double work[], Integer *info, const Charlen length_jobz, const Charlen length_uplo)
The routine may be called by the names f08taf, nagf_lapackeig_dspgv or its LAPACK name dspgv.

## 3Description

f08taf first performs a Cholesky factorization of the matrix $B$ as $B={U}^{\mathrm{T}}U$, when ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$ or $B=L{L}^{\mathrm{T}}$, when ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$. The generalized problem is then reduced to a standard symmetric eigenvalue problem
 $Cx=λx ,$
which is solved for the eigenvalues and, optionally, the eigenvectors; the eigenvectors are then backtransformed to give the eigenvectors of the original problem.
For the problem $Az=\lambda Bz$, the eigenvectors are normalized so that the matrix of eigenvectors, $Z$, satisfies
 $ZT A Z = Λ and ZT B Z = I ,$
where $\Lambda$ is the diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are the eigenvalues. For the problem $ABz=\lambda z$ we correspondingly have
 $Z-1 A Z-T = Λ and ZT B Z = I ,$
and for $BAz=\lambda z$ we have
 $ZT A Z = Λ and ZT B-1 Z = I .$

## 4References

Anderson E, Bai Z, Bischof C, Blackford S, Demmel J, Dongarra J J, Du Croz J J, Greenbaum A, Hammarling S, McKenney A and Sorensen D (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide (3rd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia https://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug
Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

## 5Arguments

1: $\mathbf{itype}$Integer Input
On entry: specifies the problem type to be solved.
${\mathbf{itype}}=1$
$Az=\lambda Bz$.
${\mathbf{itype}}=2$
$ABz=\lambda z$.
${\mathbf{itype}}=3$
$BAz=\lambda z$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{itype}}=1$, $2$ or $3$.
2: $\mathbf{jobz}$Character(1) Input
On entry: indicates whether eigenvectors are computed.
${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'N'}$
Only eigenvalues are computed.
${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'V'}$
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are computed.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'N'}$ or $\text{'V'}$.
3: $\mathbf{uplo}$Character(1) Input
On entry: if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$, the upper triangles of $A$ and $B$ are stored.
If ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$, the lower triangles of $A$ and $B$ are stored.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$ or $\text{'L'}$.
4: $\mathbf{n}$Integer Input
On entry: $n$, the order of the matrices $A$ and $B$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
5: $\mathbf{ap}\left(*\right)$Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
Note: the dimension of the array ap must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}×\left({\mathbf{n}}+1\right)/2\right)$.
On entry: the upper or lower triangle of the $n×n$ symmetric matrix $A$, packed by columns.
More precisely,
• if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$, the upper triangle of $A$ must be stored with element ${A}_{ij}$ in ${\mathbf{ap}}\left(i+j\left(j-1\right)/2\right)$ for $i\le j$;
• if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$, the lower triangle of $A$ must be stored with element ${A}_{ij}$ in ${\mathbf{ap}}\left(i+\left(2n-j\right)\left(j-1\right)/2\right)$ for $i\ge j$.
On exit: the contents of ap are destroyed.
6: $\mathbf{bp}\left(*\right)$Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
Note: the dimension of the array bp must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}×\left({\mathbf{n}}+1\right)/2\right)$.
On entry: the upper or lower triangle of the $n×n$ symmetric matrix $B$, packed by columns.
More precisely,
• if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$, the upper triangle of $B$ must be stored with element ${B}_{ij}$ in ${\mathbf{bp}}\left(i+j\left(j-1\right)/2\right)$ for $i\le j$;
• if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$, the lower triangle of $B$ must be stored with element ${B}_{ij}$ in ${\mathbf{bp}}\left(i+\left(2n-j\right)\left(j-1\right)/2\right)$ for $i\ge j$.
On exit: the triangular factor $U$ or $L$ from the Cholesky factorization $B={U}^{\mathrm{T}}U$ or $B=L{L}^{\mathrm{T}}$, in the same storage format as $B$.
7: $\mathbf{w}\left({\mathbf{n}}\right)$Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: the eigenvalues in ascending order.
8: $\mathbf{z}\left({\mathbf{ldz}},*\right)$Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
Note: the second dimension of the array z must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$ if ${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'V'}$, and at least $1$ otherwise.
On exit: if ${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'V'}$, z contains the matrix $Z$ of eigenvectors. The eigenvectors are normalized as follows:
• if ${\mathbf{itype}}=1$ or $2$, ${Z}^{\mathrm{T}}BZ=I$;
• if ${\mathbf{itype}}=3$, ${Z}^{\mathrm{T}}{B}^{-1}Z=I$.
If ${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'N'}$, z is not referenced.
9: $\mathbf{ldz}$Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array z as declared in the (sub)program from which f08taf is called.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'V'}$, ${\mathbf{ldz}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$;
• otherwise ${\mathbf{ldz}}\ge 1$.
10: $\mathbf{work}\left(3×{\mathbf{n}}\right)$Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Workspace
11: $\mathbf{info}$Integer Output
On exit: ${\mathbf{info}}=0$ unless the routine detects an error (see Section 6).

## 6Error Indicators and Warnings

${\mathbf{info}}<0$
If ${\mathbf{info}}=-i$, argument $i$ had an illegal value. An explanatory message is output, and execution of the program is terminated.
${\mathbf{info}}=1,\dots ,{\mathbf{n}}$
The algorithm failed to converge; $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ off-diagonal elements of an intermediate tridiagonal form did not converge to zero.
${\mathbf{info}}>{\mathbf{n}}$
If ${\mathbf{info}}={\mathbf{n}}+⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$, for $1\le ⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩\le {\mathbf{n}}$, then the leading minor of order $⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$ of $B$ is not positive definite. The factorization of $B$ could not be completed and no eigenvalues or eigenvectors were computed.

## 7Accuracy

If $B$ is ill-conditioned with respect to inversion, then the error bounds for the computed eigenvalues and vectors may be large, although when the diagonal elements of $B$ differ widely in magnitude the eigenvalues and eigenvectors may be less sensitive than the condition of $B$ would suggest. See Section 4.10 of Anderson et al. (1999) for details of the error bounds.
The example program below illustrates the computation of approximate error bounds.

## 8Parallelism and Performance

f08taf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
f08taf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

The total number of floating-point operations is proportional to ${n}^{3}$.
The complex analogue of this routine is f08tnf.

## 10Example

This example finds all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the generalized symmetric eigenproblem $Az=\lambda Bz$, where
 $A = ( 0.24 0.39 0.42 -0.16 0.39 -0.11 0.79 0.63 0.42 0.79 -0.25 0.48 -0.16 0.63 0.48 -0.03 ) and B = ( 4.16 -3.12 0.56 -0.10 -3.12 5.03 -0.83 1.09 0.56 -0.83 0.76 0.34 -0.10 1.09 0.34 1.18 ) ,$
together with an estimate of the condition number of $B$, and approximate error bounds for the computed eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
The example program for f08tcf illustrates solving a generalized symmetric eigenproblem of the form $ABz=\lambda z$.

### 10.1Program Text

Program Text (f08tafe.f90)

### 10.2Program Data

Program Data (f08tafe.d)

### 10.3Program Results

Program Results (f08tafe.r)