NAG FL Interface
f08qvf (ztrsyl)

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1 Purpose

f08qvf solves the complex triangular Sylvester matrix equation.

2 Specification

Fortran Interface
Subroutine f08qvf ( trana, tranb, isgn, m, n, a, lda, b, ldb, c, ldc, scal, info)
Integer, Intent (In) :: isgn, m, n, lda, ldb, ldc
Integer, Intent (Out) :: info
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: scal
Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: a(lda,*), b(ldb,*)
Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: c(ldc,*)
Character (1), Intent (In) :: trana, tranb
C Header Interface
#include <nag.h>
void  f08qvf_ (const char *trana, const char *tranb, const Integer *isgn, const Integer *m, const Integer *n, const Complex a[], const Integer *lda, const Complex b[], const Integer *ldb, Complex c[], const Integer *ldc, double *scal, Integer *info, const Charlen length_trana, const Charlen length_tranb)
The routine may be called by the names f08qvf, nagf_lapackeig_ztrsyl or its LAPACK name ztrsyl.

3 Description

f08qvf solves the complex Sylvester matrix equation
op(A)X ± Xop(B) = αC ,  
where op(A) = A or AH, and the matrices A and B are upper triangular; α is a scale factor (1) determined by the routine to avoid overflow in X; A is m×m and B is n×n while the right-hand side matrix C and the solution matrix X are both m×n. The matrix X is obtained by a straightforward process of back-substitution (see Golub and Van Loan (1996)).
Note that the equation has a unique solution if and only if αi±βj0, where {αi} and {βj} are the eigenvalues of A and B respectively and the sign (+ or -) is the same as that used in the equation to be solved.

4 References

Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
Higham N J (1992) Perturbation theory and backward error for AX-XB=C Numerical Analysis Report University of Manchester

5 Arguments

1: trana Character(1) Input
On entry: specifies the option op(A).
trana='N'
op(A)=A.
trana='C'
op(A)=AH.
Constraint: trana='N' or 'C'.
2: tranb Character(1) Input
On entry: specifies the option op(B).
tranb='N'
op(B)=B.
tranb='C'
op(B)=BH.
Constraint: tranb='N' or 'C'.
3: isgn Integer Input
On entry: indicates the form of the Sylvester equation.
isgn=+1
The equation is of the form op(A)X+Xop(B)=αC.
isgn=−1
The equation is of the form op(A)X-Xop(B)=αC.
Constraint: isgn=+1 or −1.
4: m Integer Input
On entry: m, the order of the matrix A, and the number of rows in the matrices X and C.
Constraint: m0.
5: n Integer Input
On entry: n, the order of the matrix B, and the number of columns in the matrices X and C.
Constraint: n0.
6: a(lda,*) Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
Note: the second dimension of the array a must be at least max(1,m).
On entry: the m×m upper triangular matrix A.
7: lda Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which f08qvf is called.
Constraint: ldamax(1,m).
8: b(ldb,*) Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
Note: the second dimension of the array b must be at least max(1,n).
On entry: the n×n upper triangular matrix B.
9: ldb Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array b as declared in the (sub)program from which f08qvf is called.
Constraint: ldbmax(1,n).
10: c(ldc,*) Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
Note: the second dimension of the array c must be at least max(1,n).
On entry: the m×n right-hand side matrix C.
On exit: c is overwritten by the solution matrix X.
11: ldc Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array c as declared in the (sub)program from which f08qvf is called.
Constraint: ldcmax(1,m).
12: scal Real (Kind=nag_wp) Output
On exit: the value of the scale factor α.
13: info Integer Output
On exit: info=0 unless the routine detects an error (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

info<0
If info=-i, argument i had an illegal value. An explanatory message is output, and execution of the program is terminated.
info=1
A and B have common or close eigenvalues, perturbed values of which were used to solve the equation.

7 Accuracy

Consider the equation AX-XB=C. (To apply the remarks to the equation AX+XB=C, simply replace B by -B.)
Let X~ be the computed solution and R the residual matrix:
R = C - (AX~-X~B) .  
Then the residual is always small:
RF = O(ε) (AF+BF) X~F .  
However, X~ is not necessarily the exact solution of a slightly perturbed equation; in other words, the solution is not backwards stable.
For the forward error, the following bound holds:
X~-XF RF sep (A,B)  
but this may be a considerable over estimate. See Golub and Van Loan (1996) for a definition of sep(A,B), and Higham (1992) for further details.
These remarks also apply to the solution of a general Sylvester equation, as described in Section 9.

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.
f08qvf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The total number of real floating-point operations is approximately 4mn(m+n).
To solve the general complex Sylvester equation
AX ± XB = C  
where A and B are general matrices, A and B must first be reduced to Schur form (by calling f08pnf, for example):
A = Q1 A~ Q1H   and   B = Q2 B~ Q2H  
where A~ and B~ are upper triangular and Q1 and Q2 are unitary. The original equation may then be transformed to:
A~ X~ ± X~ B~ = C~  
where X~ = Q1H X Q2 and C~ = Q1H C Q2 . C~ may be computed by matrix multiplication; f08qvf may be used to solve the transformed equation; and the solution to the original equation can be obtained as X = Q1 X~ Q2H .
The real analogue of this routine is f08qhf.

10 Example

This example solves the Sylvester equation AX+XB=C, where
A = ( -6.00-7.00i 0.36-0.36i -0.19+0.48i 0.88-0.25i 0.00+0.00i -5.00+2.00i -0.03-0.72i -0.23+0.13i 0.00+0.00i 0.00+0.00i 8.00-1.00i 0.94+0.53i 0.00+0.00i 0.00+0.00i 0.00+0.00i 3.00-4.00i ) ,  
B = ( 0.50-0.20i -0.29-0.16i -0.37+0.84i -0.55+0.73i 0.00+0.00i -0.40+0.90i 0.06+0.22i -0.43+0.17i 0.00+0.00i 0.00+0.00i -0.90-0.10i -0.89-0.42i 0.00+0.00i 0.00+0.00i 0.00+0.00i 0.30-0.70i )  
and
C = ( 0.63+0.35i 0.45-0.56i 0.08-0.14i -0.17-0.23i -0.17+0.09i -0.07-0.31i 0.27-0.54i 0.35+1.21i -0.93-0.44i -0.33-0.35i 0.41-0.03i 0.57+0.84i 0.54+0.25i -0.62-0.05i -0.52-0.13i 0.11-0.08i ) .  

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (f08qvfe.f90)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (f08qvfe.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (f08qvfe.r)