NAG FL Interface
g07gaf (outlier_​peirce_​1var)

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1 Purpose

g07gaf identifies outlying values using Peirce's criterion.

2 Specification

Fortran Interface
Subroutine g07gaf ( n, p, y, mean, var, iout, niout, ldiff, diff, llamb, ifail)
Integer, Intent (In) :: n, p, ldiff
Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ifail
Integer, Intent (Out) :: iout(n), niout
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: y(n), mean, var
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: diff(ldiff), llamb(ldiff)
C Header Interface
#include <nag.h>
void  g07gaf_ (const Integer *n, const Integer *p, const double y[], const double *mean, const double *var, Integer iout[], Integer *niout, const Integer *ldiff, double diff[], double llamb[], Integer *ifail)
The routine may be called by the names g07gaf or nagf_univar_outlier_peirce_1var.

3 Description

g07gaf flags outlying values in data using Peirce's criterion. Let
Peirce's method flags yi as a potential outlier if |yi-μ|x, where x=σ2z and z is obtained from the solution of
Rm = λ m-n mm (n-m) n-m nn (1)
where
R = 2 exp(( z2 - 1 2 )(1-Φ(z))) (2)
and Φ is the cumulative distribution function for the standard Normal distribution.
As σ~2 is unknown an assumption is made that the relationship between σ~2 and σ2, hence λ, depends only on the sum of squares of the rejected observations and the ratio estimated as
λ2 = n-p-m z2 n-p-m  
which gives
z2 = 1+ n-p-m m (1-λ2) (3)
A value for the cutoff x is calculated iteratively. An initial value of R=0.2 is used and a value of λ is estimated using equation (1). Equation (3) is then used to obtain an estimate of z and then equation (2) is used to get a new estimate for R. This process is then repeated until the relative change in z between consecutive iterations is ε, where ε is machine precision.
By construction, the cutoff for testing for m+1 potential outliers is less than the cutoff for testing for m potential outliers. Therefore, Peirce's criterion is used in sequence with the existence of a single potential outlier being investigated first. If one is found, the existence of two potential outliers is investigated etc.
If one of a duplicate series of observations is flagged as an outlier, then all of them are flagged as outliers.

4 References

Gould B A (1855) On Peirce's criterion for the rejection of doubtful observations, with tables for facilitating its application The Astronomical Journal 45
Peirce B (1852) Criterion for the rejection of doubtful observations The Astronomical Journal 45

5 Arguments

1: n Integer Input
On entry: n, the number of observations.
Constraint: n3.
2: p Integer Input
On entry: p, the number of parameters in the model used in obtaining the y. If y is an observed set of values, as opposed to the residuals from fitting a model with p parameters, then p should be set to 1, i.e., as if a model just containing the mean had been used.
Constraint: 1pn-2.
3: y(n) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: y, the data being tested.
4: mean Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: if var>0.0, mean must contain μ, the mean of y, otherwise mean is not referenced and the mean is calculated from the data supplied in y.
5: var Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: if var>0.0, var must contain σ2, the variance of y, otherwise the variance is calculated from the data supplied in y.
6: iout(n) Integer array Output
On exit: the indices of the values in y sorted in descending order of the absolute difference from the mean, therefore, |y(iout(i-1))-μ| |y(iout(i))-μ| , for i=2,3,,n.
7: niout Integer Output
On exit: the number of potential outliers. The indices for these potential outliers are held in the first niout elements of iout. By construction there can be at most n-p-1 values flagged as outliers.
8: ldiff Integer Input
On entry: the maximum number of values to be returned in arrays diff and llamb.
If ldiff0, arrays diff and llamb are not referenced.
9: diff(ldiff) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: diff(i) holds |y-μ|-σ2z for observation y(iout(i)), for i=1,2,,min(ldiff,niout+1,n-p-1).
10: llamb(ldiff) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: llamb(i) holds log(λ2) for observation y(iout(i)), for i=1,2,,min(ldiff,niout+1,n-p-1).
11: ifail Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, −1 or 1 to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of 0 causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of −1 means that an error message is printed while a value of 1 means that it is not.
If halting is not appropriate, the value −1 or 1 is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, the value 0 is recommended. When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or −1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
ifail=1
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n3.
ifail=2
On entry, p=value and n=value.
Constraint: 1pn-2.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

Not applicable.

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.
g07gaf is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

One problem with Peirce's algorithm as implemented in g07gaf is the assumed relationship between σ2, the variance using the full dataset, and σ~2, the variance with the potential outliers removed. In some cases, for example if the data y were the residuals from a linear regression, this assumption may not hold as the regression line may change significantly when outlying values have been dropped resulting in a radically different set of residuals. In such cases g07gbf should be used instead.

10 Example

This example reads in a series of data and flags any potential outliers.
The dataset used is from Peirce's original paper and consists of fifteen observations on the vertical semidiameter of Venus.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (g07gafe.f90)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (g07gafe.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (g07gafe.r)