# NAG FL Interfacef01jbf (real_​gen_​matrix_​cond_​num)

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## 1Purpose

f01jbf computes an estimate of the absolute condition number of a matrix function $f$ at a real $n×n$ matrix $A$ in the $1$-norm. Numerical differentiation is used to evaluate the derivatives of $f$ when they are required.

## 2Specification

Fortran Interface
 Subroutine f01jbf ( n, a, lda, f,
 Integer, Intent (In) :: n, lda Integer, Intent (Inout) :: iuser(*), ifail Integer, Intent (Out) :: iflag Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: a(lda,*), ruser(*) Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: conda, norma, normfa External :: f
#include <nag.h>
 void f01jbf_ (const Integer *n, double a[], const Integer *lda, void (NAG_CALL *f)(Integer *iflag, const Integer *nz, const Complex z[], Complex fz[], Integer iuser[], double ruser[]),Integer iuser[], double ruser[], Integer *iflag, double *conda, double *norma, double *normfa, Integer *ifail)
The routine may be called by the names f01jbf or nagf_matop_real_gen_matrix_cond_num.

## 3Description

The absolute condition number of $f$ at $A$, ${\mathrm{cond}}_{\mathrm{abs}}\left(f,A\right)$ is given by the norm of the Fréchet derivative of $f$, $L\left(A\right)$, which is defined by
 $‖L(X)‖ := maxE≠0 ‖L(X,E)‖ ‖E‖ ,$
where $L\left(X,E\right)$ is the Fréchet derivative in the direction $E$. $L\left(X,E\right)$ is linear in $E$ and can, therefore, be written as
 $vec (L(X,E)) = K(X) vec(E) ,$
where the $\mathrm{vec}$ operator stacks the columns of a matrix into one vector, so that $K\left(X\right)$ is ${n}^{2}×{n}^{2}$. f01jbf computes an estimate $\gamma$ such that $\gamma \le {‖K\left(X\right)‖}_{1}$, where ${‖K\left(X\right)‖}_{1}\in \left[{n}^{-1}{‖L\left(X\right)‖}_{1},n{‖L\left(X\right)‖}_{1}\right]$. The relative condition number can then be computed via
 $cond rel (f,A) = cond abs (f,A) ‖A‖1 ‖f(A)‖ 1 .$
The algorithm used to find $\gamma$ is detailed in Section 3.4 of Higham (2008).
The function $f$ is supplied via subroutine f which evaluates $f\left({z}_{i}\right)$ at a number of points ${z}_{i}$.

## 4References

Higham N J (2008) Functions of Matrices: Theory and Computation SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, USA

## 5Arguments

1: $\mathbf{n}$Integer Input
On entry: $n$, the order of the matrix $A$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
2: $\mathbf{a}\left({\mathbf{lda}},*\right)$Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
Note: the second dimension of the array a must be at least ${\mathbf{n}}$.
On entry: the $n×n$ matrix $A$.
On exit: the $n×n$ matrix, $f\left(A\right)$.
3: $\mathbf{lda}$Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which f01jbf is called.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{lda}}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$.
4: $\mathbf{f}$Subroutine, supplied by the user. External Procedure
The subroutine f evaluates $f\left({z}_{i}\right)$ at a number of points ${z}_{i}$.
The specification of f is:
Fortran Interface
 Subroutine f ( nz, z, fz,
 Integer, Intent (In) :: nz Integer, Intent (Inout) :: iflag, iuser(*) Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: ruser(*) Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: z(nz) Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: fz(nz)
 void f (Integer *iflag, const Integer *nz, const Complex z[], Complex fz[], Integer iuser[], double ruser[])
1: $\mathbf{iflag}$Integer Input/Output
On entry: iflag will be zero.
On exit: iflag should either be unchanged from its entry value of zero, or may be set nonzero to indicate that there is a problem in evaluating the function $f\left(z\right)$; for instance $f\left(z\right)$ may not be defined. If iflag is returned as nonzero then f01jbf will terminate the computation, with ${\mathbf{ifail}}={\mathbf{3}}$.
2: $\mathbf{nz}$Integer Input
On entry: ${n}_{z}$, the number of function values required.
3: $\mathbf{z}\left({\mathbf{nz}}\right)$Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: the ${n}_{z}$ points ${z}_{1},{z}_{2},\dots ,{z}_{{n}_{z}}$ at which the function $f$ is to be evaluated.
4: $\mathbf{fz}\left({\mathbf{nz}}\right)$Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: the ${n}_{z}$ function values. ${\mathbf{fz}}\left(\mathit{i}\right)$ should return the value $f\left({z}_{\mathit{i}}\right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,{n}_{z}$. If ${z}_{i}$ lies on the real line, then so must $f\left({z}_{i}\right)$.
5: $\mathbf{iuser}\left(*\right)$Integer array User Workspace
6: $\mathbf{ruser}\left(*\right)$Real (Kind=nag_wp) array User Workspace
f is called with the arguments iuser and ruser as supplied to f01jbf. You should use the arrays iuser and ruser to supply information to f.
f must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which f01jbf is called. Arguments denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
Note: f should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by f01jbf. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, f01jbf is likely to produce unexpected results.
5: $\mathbf{iuser}\left(*\right)$Integer array User Workspace
6: $\mathbf{ruser}\left(*\right)$Real (Kind=nag_wp) array User Workspace
iuser and ruser are not used by f01jbf, but are passed directly to f and may be used to pass information to this routine.
7: $\mathbf{iflag}$Integer Output
On exit: ${\mathbf{iflag}}=0$, unless iflag has been set nonzero inside f, in which case iflag will be the value set and ifail will be set to ${\mathbf{ifail}}={\mathbf{3}}$.
8: $\mathbf{conda}$Real (Kind=nag_wp) Output
On exit: an estimate of the absolute condition number of $f$ at $A$.
9: $\mathbf{norma}$Real (Kind=nag_wp) Output
On exit: the $1$-norm of $A$.
10: $\mathbf{normfa}$Real (Kind=nag_wp) Output
On exit: the $1$-norm of $f\left(A\right)$.
11: $\mathbf{ifail}$Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to $0$, $-1$ or $1$ to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of $0$ causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of $-1$ means that an error message is printed while a value of $1$ means that it is not.
If halting is not appropriate, the value $-1$ or $1$ is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, the value $0$ is recommended. When the value $-\mathbf{1}$ or $\mathbf{1}$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ${\mathbf{ifail}}={\mathbf{0}}$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

## 6Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ${\mathbf{ifail}}=0$ or $-1$, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
${\mathbf{ifail}}=1$
An internal error occurred when estimating the norm of the Fréchet derivative of $f$ at $A$. Please contact NAG.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=2$
An internal error occurred when evaluating the matrix function $f\left(A\right)$. You can investigate further by calling f01elf with the matrix $A$ and the function $f$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=3$
Termination requested in f.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-1$
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=⟨\mathit{\text{value}}⟩$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-3$
On entry, argument lda is invalid.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{lda}}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-99$
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-399$
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-999$
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

## 7Accuracy

f01jbf uses the norm estimation routine f04ydf to estimate a quantity $\gamma$, where $\gamma \le {‖K\left(X\right)‖}_{1}$ and ${‖K\left(X\right)‖}_{1}\in \left[{n}^{-1}{‖L\left(X\right)‖}_{1},n{‖L\left(X\right)‖}_{1}\right]$. For further details on the accuracy of norm estimation, see the documentation for f04ydf.

## 8Parallelism and Performance

f01jbf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library. In these implementations, this routine may make calls to the user-supplied functions from within an OpenMP parallel region. Thus OpenMP directives within the user functions can only be used if you are compiling the user-supplied function and linking the executable in accordance with the instructions in the Users' Note for your implementation. The user workspace arrays iuser and ruser are classified as OpenMP shared memory and use of iuser and ruser has to take account of this in order to preserve thread safety whenever information is written back to either of these arrays. If at all possible, it is recommended that these arrays are only used to supply read-only data to the user functions when a multithreaded implementation is being used.
f01jbf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

The matrix function is computed using the underlying matrix function routine f01elf. Approximately $6{n}^{2}$ of real allocatable memory is required by the routine, in addition to the memory used by the underlying matrix function routine.
If only $f\left(A\right)$ is required, without an estimate of the condition number, then it is far more efficient to use the underlying matrix function routine.
The complex analogue of this routine is f01kbf.

## 10Example

This example estimates the absolute and relative condition numbers of the matrix function $\mathrm{cos}2A$ where
 $A= ( −1 −1 −2 1 0 1 −1 0 −1 −2 1 −1 0 −1 0 −1 ) .$

### 10.1Program Text

Program Text (f01jbfe.f90)

### 10.2Program Data

Program Data (f01jbfe.d)

### 10.3Program Results

Program Results (f01jbfe.r)