# NAG CL Interfacec09bac (dim1_​cont)

## 1Purpose

c09bac computes the real, continuous wavelet transform in one dimension.

## 2Specification

 #include
 void c09bac (Nag_Wavelet wavnam, Integer wparam, Integer n, const double x[], Integer nscal, const Integer scales[], double c[], NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: c09bac, nag_wav_dim1_cont or nag_cwt_1d_real.

## 3Description

c09bac computes the real part of the one-dimensional, continuous wavelet transform
 $Cs,k = ∫ ℝ xt 1 s ψ* t-k s dt ,$
of a signal $x\left(t\right)$ at scale $s$ and position $k$, where the signal is sampled discretely at $n$ equidistant points ${x}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$. $\psi$ is the wavelet function, which can be chosen to be the Morlet wavelet, the derivatives of a Gaussian or the Mexican hat wavelet ($*$ denotes the complex conjugate). The integrals of the scaled, shifted wavelet function are approximated and the convolution is then computed.
The mother wavelets supplied for use with this function are defined as follows.
1. 1.The Morlet wavelet (real part) with nondimensional wave number $\kappa$ is
 $ψx = 1 π 1/4 cosκx - e -κ2/2 e -x2/2 ,$
where the correction term, ${e}^{-{\kappa }^{2}/2}$ (required to satisfy the admissibility condition) is included.
2. 2.The derivatives of a Gaussian are obtained from
 $ψ^m x = dm e -x2 d xm ,$
taking $m=1,\dots ,8$. These are the Hermite polynomials multiplied by the Gaussian. The sign is then adjusted to give ${\stackrel{^}{\psi }}^{\left(m\right)}\left(0\right)>0$ when $m$ is even while the sign of the succeeding odd derivative, ${\stackrel{^}{\psi }}^{\left(m+1\right)}$, is made consistent with the preceding even numbered derivative. They are normalized by the ${L}^{2}$-norm,
 $pm = ∫ -∞ ∞ ψ^ m x 2 d x 1/2$
The resulting normalized derivatives can be written in terms of the Hermite polynomials, ${H}_{m}\left(x\right)$, as
 $ψ m x = α Hmx e -x2 pm ,$
where
Thus, the derivatives of a Gaussian provided here are,
 $ψ1 x = - 2π 1/4 2 x e -x2 ,$
 $ψ2 x = - 2π 1/4 1 3 4x2 - 2 e -x2 ,$
 $ψ3 x = 2π 1/4 115 8x3 - 12x e -x2 ,$
 $ψ4 x = 2π 1/4 1105 16x4 - 48x2 + 12 e -x2 ,$
 $ψ5 x = - 2π 1/4 1 3105 32x5 - 160x3 + 120x e -x2 ,$
 $ψ6 x = - 2π 1/4 1 31155 64x6 - 480x4 + 720x2 - 120 e -x2 ,$
 $ψ7 x = 2π 1/4 1 315015 128x7 - 1344x5 + 3360x3 - 1680x e -x2 ,$
 $ψ8 x = 2π 1/4 1 451001 256x8 - 3584x6 + 13440x4 - 13440x2 + 1680 e -x2 .$
3. 3.The second derivative of a Gaussian is known as the Mexican hat wavelet and is supplied as an additional function in the form
 $ψx = 2 3 π1/4 1-x2 e -x2/2 .$
The remaining normalized derivatives of a Gaussian can be expressed as multiples of the exponential ${e}^{-{t}^{2}/2}$ by applying the substitution $x=t/\sqrt{2}$ followed by multiplication with the scaling factor, $1/\sqrt[4]{2}$.

## 4References

Daubechies I (1992) Ten Lectures on Wavelets SIAM, Philadelphia

## 5Arguments

1: $\mathbf{wavnam}$Nag_Wavelet Input
On entry: the name of the mother wavelet. See the C09 Chapter Introduction for details.
${\mathbf{wavnam}}=\mathrm{Nag_Morlet}$
Morlet wavelet.
${\mathbf{wavnam}}=\mathrm{Nag_DGauss}$
Derivative of a Gaussian wavelet.
${\mathbf{wavnam}}=\mathrm{Nag_MexHat}$
Mexican hat wavelet.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{wavnam}}=\mathrm{Nag_Morlet}$, $\mathrm{Nag_DGauss}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_MexHat}$.
2: $\mathbf{wparam}$Integer Input
On entry: the nondimensional wave number for the Morlet wavelet or the order of the derivative for the Gaussian wavelet. It is not referenced when ${\mathbf{wavnam}}=\mathrm{Nag_MexHat}$.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{wavnam}}=\mathrm{Nag_Morlet}$, $5\le {\mathbf{wparam}}\le 20$;
• if ${\mathbf{wavnam}}=\mathrm{Nag_DGauss}$, $1\le {\mathbf{wparam}}\le 8$.
3: $\mathbf{n}$Integer Input
On entry: the size, $n$, of the input dataset $x$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 2$.
4: $\mathbf{x}\left[{\mathbf{n}}\right]$const double Input
On entry: x contains the input dataset ${\mathbf{x}}\left[\mathit{j}-1\right]={x}_{\mathit{j}}$, for $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
5: $\mathbf{nscal}$Integer Input
On entry: the number of scales to be computed.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nscal}}\ge 1$.
6: $\mathbf{scales}\left[{\mathbf{nscal}}\right]$const Integer Input
On entry: the scales at which the transform is to be computed.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{scales}}\left[\mathit{i}-1\right]\ge 1$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,{\mathbf{nscal}}$.
7: $\mathbf{c}\left[{\mathbf{nscal}}×{\mathbf{n}}\right]$double Output
Note: the $\left(i,j\right)$th element of the matrix $C$ is stored in ${\mathbf{c}}\left[\left(j-1\right)×{\mathbf{nscal}}+i-1\right]$.
On exit: the transform coefficients at the requested scales, where ${\mathbf{c}}\left[\left(j-1\right)×{\mathbf{nscal}}+i-1\right]$ is the transform coefficient ${C}_{i,j}$ at scale $i$ and position $j$.
8: $\mathbf{fail}$NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

## 6Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
On entry, argument $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 2$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{nscal}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nscal}}\ge 1$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{wavnam}}=\mathrm{Nag_DGauss}$ and ${\mathbf{wparam}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: if ${\mathbf{wavnam}}=\mathrm{Nag_DGauss}$, $1\le {\mathbf{wparam}}\le 8$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{wavnam}}=\mathrm{Nag_Morlet}$ and ${\mathbf{wparam}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: if ${\mathbf{wavnam}}=\mathrm{Nag_Morlet}$, $5\le {\mathbf{wparam}}\le 20$.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.

## 7Accuracy

The accuracy of c09bac is determined by the fact that the convolution must be computed as a discrete approximation to the continuous form. The input signal, $x$, is taken to be piecewise constant using the supplied discrete values.

## 8Parallelism and Performance

c09bac is not threaded in any implementation.

Workspace is internally allocated by c09bac. The total size of these arrays is ${2}^{13}+\left({\mathbf{n}}+{n}_{k}-1\right)$ double elements and ${n}_{k}$ Integer elements, where ${n}_{k}=k×\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left({\mathbf{scales}}\left[\mathit{i}-1\right]\right)$ and $k=17$ when ${\mathbf{wavnam}}=\mathrm{Nag_Morlet}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_DGauss}$ and $k=11$ when ${\mathbf{wavnam}}=\mathrm{Nag_MexHat}$.

## 10Example

This example computes the continuous wavelet transform of a dataset containing a single nonzero value representing an impulse. The Morlet wavelet is used with wave number $\kappa =5$ and scales $1$, $2$, $3$, $4$.

### 10.1Program Text

Program Text (c09bace.c)

### 10.2Program Data

Program Data (c09bace.d)

### 10.3Program Results

Program Results (c09bace.r)