NAG FL Interface
g13dlf (multi_​diff)

1 Purpose

g13dlf differences and/or transforms a multivariate time series. It is intended to be used prior to g13ddf to fit a vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA) model to the differenced/transformed series.

2 Specification

Fortran Interface
Subroutine g13dlf ( k, n, z, kmax, tr, id, delta, w, nd, work, ifail)
Integer, Intent (In) :: k, n, kmax, id(k)
Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ifail
Integer, Intent (Out) :: nd
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: z(kmax,n), delta(kmax,*)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: w(kmax,*)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: work(k*n)
Character (1), Intent (In) :: tr(k)
C Header Interface
#include <nag.h>
void  g13dlf_ (const Integer *k, const Integer *n, const double z[], const Integer *kmax, const char tr[], const Integer id[], const double delta[], double w[], Integer *nd, double work[], Integer *ifail, const Charlen length_tr)
The routine may be called by the names g13dlf or nagf_tsa_multi_diff.

3 Description

For certain time series it may first be necessary to difference the original data to obtain a stationary series before calculating autocorrelations, etc. This routine also allows you to apply either a square root or a log transformation to the original time series to stabilize the variance if required.
If the order of differencing required for the ith series is di, then the differencing operator is defined by δiB=1-δi1B-δi2B2--δidiBdi, where B is the backward shift operator; that is, BZt=Zt-1. Let d denote the maximum of the orders of differencing, di, over the k series. The routine computes values of the differenced/transformed series Wt = w1t,w2t,,wkt T , for t=d+1,,n, as follows:
wit=δiBzit*,  i=1,2,,k  
where zit* are the transformed values of the original k-dimensional time series Zt = z1t,z2t,,zkt T .
The differencing parameters δij, for i=1,2,,k and j=1,2,,di, must be supplied by you. If the ith series does not require differencing, then di=0.

4 References

Box G E P and Jenkins G M (1976) Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control (Revised Edition) Holden–Day
Wei W W S (1990) Time Series Analysis: Univariate and Multivariate Methods Addison–Wesley

5 Arguments

1: k Integer Input
On entry: k, the dimension of the multivariate time series.
Constraint: k1.
2: n Integer Input
On entry: n, the number of observations in the series, prior to differencing.
Constraint: n1.
3: zkmaxn Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: zit must contain, zit, the ith component of Zt, for i=1,2,,k and t=1,2,,n.
Constraints:
  • if tri='L', zit>0.0;
  • if tri='S', zit0.0, for i=1,2,,k and t=1,2,,n.
4: kmax Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the arrays z, delta and w as declared in the (sub)program from which g13dlf is called.
Constraint: kmaxk.
5: trk Character(1) array Input
On entry: tri indicates whether the ith time series is to be transformed, for i=1,2,,k.
tri='N'
No transformation is used.
tri='L'
A log transformation is used.
tri='S'
A square root transformation is used.
Constraint: tri='N', 'L' or 'S', for i=1,2,,k.
6: idk Integer array Input
On entry: the order of differencing for each series, d1,d2,,dk.
Constraint: 0idi<n, for i=1,2,,k.
7: deltakmax* Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
Note: the second dimension of the array delta must be at least max1,d, where d=maxidi.
On entry: if idi>0, then deltaij must be set equal to δij, for j=1,2,,di and i=1,2,,k.
If d=0, delta is not referenced.
8: wkmax* Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
Note: the second dimension of the array w must be at least n-d, where d=maxidi.
On exit: wit contains the value of wi,t+d, for i=1,2,,k and t=1,2,,n-d.
9: nd Integer Output
On exit: the number of differenced values, n-d, in the series, where d=maxidi.
10: workk×n Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Workspace
11: ifail Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, -1 or 1. If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to Section 4 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value -1 or 1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this argument, the recommended value is 0. When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or -1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
ifail=1
On entry, k=value.
Constraint: k1.
On entry, kmax=value and k=value.
Constraint: kmaxk.
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n1.
ifail=2
On entry, i=value, idi=value and n=value.
Constraint: id<n.
On entry, i=value and idi=value.
Constraint: idi0.
ifail=3
On entry, i=value and tri is invalid.
Constraint: tri='N', 'L' or 'S'.
ifail=4
On entry, one (or more) of the transformations requested is invalid. Check that you are not trying to log or square-root a series, some of whose values are negative.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

The computations are believed to be stable.

8 Parallelism and Performance

g13dlf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The same differencing operator does not have to be applied to all the series. For example, suppose we have k=2, and wish to apply the second-order differencing operator 2 to the first series and the first-order differencing operator to the second series:
w1t =2z1t= 1-B 2z1t=1-2B+B2z1t,   and w2t =z2t=1-Bz2t.  
Then d1=2,d2=1, d=maxd1,d2=2, and
delta = δ11 δ12 δ21 = 2 -1 1 .  

10 Example

A program to difference (non-seasonally) each of two time series of length 48. No transformation is to be applied to either of the series.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (g13dlfe.f90)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (g13dlfe.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (g13dlfe.r)