NAG FL Interface
d02ncf (ivp_​stiff_​exp_​bandjac)

1 Purpose

d02ncf is a direct communication routine for integrating stiff systems of explicit ordinary differential equations when the Jacobian is a banded matrix.

2 Specification

Fortran Interface
Subroutine d02ncf ( neq, ldysav, t, tout, y, ydot, rwork, rtol, atol, itol, inform, fcn, ysav, sdysav, jac, wkjac, nwkjac, jacpvt, njcpvt, monitr, itask, itrace, ifail)
Integer, Intent (In) :: neq, ldysav, itol, sdysav, nwkjac, njcpvt, itask, itrace
Integer, Intent (Inout) :: inform(23), jacpvt(njcpvt), ifail
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: tout, rtol(*), atol(*)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: t, y(neq), rwork(50+4*neq), ysav(ldysav,sdysav), wkjac(nwkjac)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: ydot(neq)
External :: fcn, jac, monitr
C Header Interface
#include <nag.h>
void  d02ncf_ (const Integer *neq, const Integer *ldysav, double *t, const double *tout, double y[], double ydot[], double rwork[], const double rtol[], const double atol[], const Integer *itol, Integer inform[],
void (NAG_CALL *fcn)(const Integer *neq, const double *t, const double y[], double f[], Integer *ires),
double ysav[], const Integer *sdysav,
void (NAG_CALL *jac)(const Integer *neq, const double *t, const double y[], const double *h, const double *d, const Integer *ml, const Integer *mu, double p[]),
double wkjac[], const Integer *nwkjac, Integer jacpvt[], const Integer *njcpvt,
void (NAG_CALL *monitr)(const Integer *neq, const Integer *ldysav, const double *t, const double *hlast, double *hnext, double y[], const double ydot[], const double ysav[], const double r[], const double acor[], Integer *imon, Integer *inln, double *hmin, double *hmax, const Integer *nqu),
const Integer *itask, const Integer *itrace, Integer *ifail)
The routine may be called by the names d02ncf or nagf_ode_ivp_stiff_exp_bandjac.

3 Description

d02ncf is a general purpose routine for integrating the initial value problem for a stiff system of explicit ordinary differential equations,
y=gt,y.  
It is designed specifically for the case where the Jacobian g y is a banded matrix.
Both interval and step oriented modes of operation are available and also modes designed to permit intermediate output within an interval oriented mode.
An outline of a typical calling program for d02ncf is given below. It calls the banded matrix linear algebra setup routine d02ntf, the Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF) integrator setup routine d02nvf, and its diagnostic counterpart d02nyf.
!     Declarations

      External fcn, jac, monitr
          .
          .
          .
      ifail = 0
      Call d02nvf(...,ifail)
      Call d02ntf(neq, neqmax, jceval, ml, mu, nwkjac, njcpvt, &
                  rwork, ifail)
      ifail = -1
      Call d02ncf(neq, neqmax, t, tout, y, ydot, rwork, rtol,  &
                  atol, itol, inform, fcn, ysave, ny2dim, jac, &
                  wkjac, nwkjac,jacpvt, njcpvt, monitr, itask, &
		  itrace, ifail)
      If (ifail.eq.1 .or. ifail.ge.14) Stop
      ifail = 0
      Call d02nyf(...)
          .
          .
          .
      Stop
      End
The linear algebra setup routine d02ntf and one of the integrator setup routines, d02nvf or d02nwf, must be called prior to the call of d02ncf. The integrator diagnostic routine d02nyf may be called after the call to d02ncf. There is also a routine, d02nzf, designed to permit you to change step size on a continuation call to d02ncf without restarting the integration process.

4 References

See the D02MN Sub-chapter Introduction.

5 Arguments

1: neq Integer Input
On entry: the number of differential equations to be solved.
Constraint: neq1.
2: ldysav Integer Input
On entry: a bound on the maximum number of differential equations to be solved during the integration.
Constraint: ldysavneq.
3: t Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input/Output
On entry: t, the value of the independent variable. The input value of t is used only on the first call as the initial point of the integration.
On exit: the value at which the computed solution y is returned (usually at tout).
4: tout Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: the next value of t at which a computed solution is desired. For the initial t, the input value of tout is used to determine the direction of integration. Integration is permitted in either direction (see also itask).
Constraint: toutt.
5: yneq Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
On entry: the values of the dependent variables (solution). On the first call the first neq elements of y must contain the vector of initial values.
On exit: the computed solution vector, evaluated at t (usually t=tout).
6: ydotneq Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: the time derivatives y of the vector y at the last integration point.
7: rwork50+4×neq Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Communication Array
8: rtol* Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
Note: the dimension of the array rtol must be at least 1 if itol=1 or 2, and at least neq otherwise.
On entry: the relative local error tolerance.
Constraint: rtoli0.0 for all relevant i (see itol).
9: atol* Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
Note: the dimension of the array atol must be at least 1 if itol=1 or 3, and at least neq otherwise.
On entry: the absolute local error tolerance.
Constraint: atoli0.0 for all relevant i (see itol).
10: itol Integer Input
On entry: a value to indicate the form of the local error test. itol indicates to d02ncf whether to interpret either or both of rtol or atol as a vector or a scalar. The error test to be satisfied is ei/wi<1.0, where wi is defined as follows:
itol rtol atol wi
1 scalar scalar rtol1×yi+atol1
2 scalar vector rtol1×yi+atoli
3 vector scalar rtoli×yi+atol1
4 vector vector rtoli×yi+atoli
ei is an estimate of the local error in yi, computed internally, and the choice of norm to be used is defined by a previous call to an integrator setup routine.
Constraint: itol=1, 2, 3 or 4.
11: inform23 Integer array Communication Array
12: fcn Subroutine, supplied by the user. External Procedure
fcn must evaluate the derivative vector for the explicit ordinary differential equation system, defined by y=gt,y.
The specification of fcn is:
Fortran Interface
Subroutine fcn ( neq, t, y, f, ires)
Integer, Intent (In) :: neq
Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ires
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: t, y(neq)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: f(neq)
C Header Interface
void  fcn_ (const Integer *neq, const double *t, const double y[], double f[], Integer *ires)
1: neq Integer Input
On entry: the number of differential equations being solved.
2: t Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: t, the current value of the independent variable.
3: yneq Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: the value of yi, for i=1,2,,neq.
4: fneq Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: the value yi, given by yi=git,y, for i=1,2,,neq.
5: ires Integer Input/Output
On entry: ires=1.
On exit: you may set ires as follows to indicate certain conditions in fcn to the integrator:
ires=1
Indicates a normal return from fcn, that is ires has not been altered by you and integration continues.
ires=2
Indicates to the integrator that control should be passed back immediately to the calling (sub)program with the error indicator set to ifail=11.
ires=3
Indicates to the integrator that an error condition has occurred in the solution vector, its time derivative or in the value of t. The integrator will use a smaller time step to try to avoid this condition. If this is not possible the integrator returns to the calling (sub)program with the error indicator set to ifail=7.
ires=4
Indicates to the integrator to stop its current operation and to enter monitr immediately with argument imon=-2.
fcn must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which d02ncf is called. Arguments denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
Note: fcn should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d02ncf. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d02ncf is likely to produce unexpected results.
13: ysavldysavsdysav Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Communication Array
14: sdysav Integer Input
On entry: the second dimension of the array ysav as declared in the (sub)program from which d02ncf is called. An appropriate value for sdysav is described in the specification of the integrator setup routines d02nvf and d02nwf. This value must be the same as that supplied to the integrator setup routine.
15: jac Subroutine, supplied by the NAG Library or the user. External Procedure
jac must evaluate the Jacobian of the system. If this option is not required, the actual argument for jac must be the dummy routine d02ncz. (d02ncz is included in the NAG Library.) You must indicate to the integrator whether this option is to be used by setting the argument jceval appropriately in a call to the banded linear algebra setup routine d02ntf.
First we must define the system of nonlinear equations which is solved internally by the integrator. The time derivative, y, generated internally, has the form
y = y-z / hd ,  
where h is the current step size and d is an argument that depends on the integration method in use. The vector y is the current solution and the vector z depends on information from previous time steps. This means that d dy ​ ​ = hd d dy ​ ​ . The system of nonlinear equations that is solved has the form
y - g t,y = 0  
but it is solved in the form
r t,y = 0 ,  
where r is the function defined by
r t,y =hd y-z / hd - g t,y .  
It is the Jacobian matrix r y that you must supply in jac as follows:
ri yj =1-hd gi yj , if ​i=j, ri yj = -hd gi yj , otherwise.  
The specification of jac is:
Fortran Interface
Subroutine jac ( neq, t, y, h, d, ml, mu, p)
Integer, Intent (In) :: neq, ml, mu
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: t, y(neq), h, d
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: p(ml+mu+1,neq)
C Header Interface
void  jac_ (const Integer *neq, const double *t, const double y[], const double *h, const double *d, const Integer *ml, const Integer *mu, double p[])
1: neq Integer Input
On entry: the number of differential equations being solved.
2: t Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: t, the current value of the independent variable.
3: yneq Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: yi, for i=1,2,,neq, the current solution component.
4: h Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: the current step size.
5: d Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: the argument d which depends on the integration method.
6: ml Integer Input
7: mu Integer Input
On entry: the number of subdiagonals and superdiagonals respectively in the band.
8: pml+mu+1neq Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
On entry: is set to zero.
On exit: elements of the Jacobian matrix r y stored as specified by the following pseudocode:
   Do 20 i = 1, neq
      j1 = max(i-ml,1)
      j2 = min(i+mu,neq)
      Do 10 j = j1, j2
         k = min(ml+1-i,0)+j
         p(k,i) = δr/δy(i,j)
10    Continue
20 Continue
See also f07bdf.
Only nonzero elements of this array need be set, since it is preset to zero before the call to jac.
jac must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which d02ncf is called. Arguments denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
Note: jac should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d02ncf. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d02ncf is likely to produce unexpected results.
16: wkjacnwkjac Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Communication Array
17: nwkjac Integer Input
On entry: the dimension of the array wkjac as declared in the (sub)program from which d02ncf is called. This value must be the same as that supplied to the linear algebra setup routine d02ntf.
Constraint: nwkjac2mL+mU+1×neq, where mL and mU are the number of subdiagonals and superdiagonals respectively in the band, defined by a call to d02ntf.
18: jacpvtnjcpvt Integer array Communication Array
19: njcpvt Integer Input
On entry: the dimension of the array jacpvt as declared in the (sub)program from which d02ncf is called. This value must be the same as that supplied to the linear algebra setup routine d02ntf.
Constraint: njcpvtldysav.
20: monitr Subroutine, supplied by the NAG Library or the user. External Procedure
monitr performs tasks requested by you. If this option is not required, the actual argument for monitr must be the dummy routine d02nby. (d02nby is included in the NAG Library.)
The specification of monitr is:
Fortran Interface
Subroutine monitr ( neq, ldysav, t, hlast, hnext, y, ydot, ysav, r, acor, imon, inln, hmin, hmax, nqu)
Integer, Intent (In) :: neq, ldysav, nqu
Integer, Intent (Inout) :: imon
Integer, Intent (Out) :: inln
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: t, hlast, ydot(neq), ysav(ldysav,*), r(neq), acor(neq,2)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: hnext, y(neq), hmin, hmax
C Header Interface
void  monitr_ (const Integer *neq, const Integer *ldysav, const double *t, const double *hlast, double *hnext, double y[], const double ydot[], const double ysav[], const double r[], const double acor[], Integer *imon, Integer *inln, double *hmin, double *hmax, const Integer *nqu)
1: neq Integer Input
On entry: the number of differential equations being solved.
2: ldysav Integer Input
On entry: an upper bound on the number of differential equations to be solved.
3: t Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: the current value of the independent variable.
4: hlast Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: the last step size successfully used by the integrator.
5: hnext Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input/Output
On entry: the step size that the integrator proposes to take on the next step.
On exit: the next step size to be used. If this is different from the input value, imon must be set to 4.
6: yneq Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
On entry: y, the values of the dependent variables evaluated at t.
On exit: these values must not be changed unless imon is set to 2.
7: ydotneq Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: the time derivatives y of the vector y.
8: ysavldysav* Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Communication Array
Note: the second dimension of ysav is sdysav as in the call of d02ncf.
On entry: workspace to enable you to carry out interpolation using either of the routines d02xjf or d02xkf.
9: rneq Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: if imon=0 and inln=3, the first neq elements contain the residual vector, y-gt,y.
10: acorneq2 Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: with imon=1, acori1 contains the weight used for the ith equation when the norm is evaluated, and acori2 contains the estimated local error for the ith equation. The scaled local error at the end of a timestep may be obtained by calling the real function d02zaf as follows:
ifail = 1
errloc = d02zaf(neq, acor(1,2), acor(1,1), ifail)
! CHECK IFAIL BEFORE PROCEEDING
11: imon Integer Input/Output
On entry: a flag indicating under what circumstances monitr was called:
imon=-2
Entry from the integrator after ires=4 (set in fcn) caused an early termination (this facility could be used to locate discontinuities).
imon=-1
The current step failed repeatedly.
imon=0
Entry after a call to the internal nonlinear equation solver (see inln).
imon=1
The current step was successful.
On exit: may be reset to determine subsequent action in d02ncf.
imon=-2
Integration is to be halted. A return will be made from the integrator to the calling (sub)program with ifail=12.
imon=-1
Allow the integrator to continue with its own internal strategy. The integrator will try up to three restarts unless imon is set -1 on exit.
imon=0
Return to the internal nonlinear equation solver, where the action taken is determined by the value of inln (see inln).
imon=1
Normal exit to the integrator to continue integration.
imon=2
Restart the integration at the current time point. The integrator will restart from order 1 when this option is used. The solution y, provided by monitr, will be used for the initial conditions.
imon=3
Try to continue with the same step size and order as was to be used before the call to monitr. hmin and hmax may be altered if desired.
imon=4
Continue the integration but using a new value of hnext and possibly new values of hmin and hmax.
12: inln Integer Output
On exit: the action to be taken by the internal nonlinear equation solver when monitr is exited with imon=0. By setting inln=3 and returning to the integrator, the residual vector is evaluated and placed in the array r, and then monitr is called again. At present this is the only option available: inln must not be set to any other value.
13: hmin Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input/Output
On entry: the minimum step size to be taken on the next step.
On exit: the minimum step size to be used. If this is different from the input value, imon must be set to 3 or 4.
14: hmax Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input/Output
On entry: the maximum step size to be taken on the next step.
On exit: the maximum step size to be used. If this is different from the input value, imon must be set to 3 or 4. If hmax is set to zero, no limit is assumed.
15: nqu Integer Input
On entry: the order of the integrator used on the last step. This is supplied to enable you to carry out interpolation using either of the routines d02xjf or d02xkf.
monitr must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which d02ncf is called. Arguments denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
Note: monitr should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d02ncf. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d02ncf is likely to produce unexpected results.
21: itask Integer Input
On entry: the task to be performed by the integrator.
itask=1
Normal computation of output values of yt at t=tout (by overshooting and interpolating).
itask=2
Take one step only and return.
itask=3
Stop at the first internal integration point at or beyond t=tout and return.
itask=4
Normal computation of output values of yt at t=tout but without overshooting t=tcrit. tcrit must be specified as an option in one of the integrator setup routines before the first call to the integrator, or specified in the optional input routine before a continuation call. tcrit may be equal to or beyond tout, but not before it, in the direction of integration.
itask=5
Take one step only and return, without passing tcrit. tcrit must be specified as under itask=4.
Constraint: itask=1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.
22: itrace Integer Input
On entry: the level of output that is printed by the integrator. itrace may take the value -1, 0, 1, 2 or 3.
itrace<-1
-1 is assumed and similarly if itrace>3, 3 is assumed.
itrace=-1
No output is generated.
itrace=0
Only warning messages are printed on the current error message unit (see x04aaf).
itrace>0
Warning messages are printed as above, and on the current advisory message unit (see x04abf) output is generated which details Jacobian entries, the nonlinear iteration and the time integration. The advisory messages are given in greater detail the larger the value of itrace.
23: ifail Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, -1 or 1. If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to Section 4 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value -1 or 1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, because for this routine the values of the output arguments may be useful even if ifail0 on exit, the recommended value is -1. When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or -1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
ifail=1
Either the integrator setup routine has not been called prior to the first call of this routine, or a communication array has become corrupted.
Either the linear algebra setup routine has not been called prior to the first call of this routine, or a communication array has become corrupted.
Either the routine was entered on a continuation call without a prior call of this routine, or a communication array has become corrupted.
Either the value of njcpvt is not the same as the value supplied to the setup routine or a communication array has become corrupted.
njcpvt=value and njcpvt=value in d02ntf.
Either the value of nwkjac is not the same as the value supplied to the setup routine or a communication array has become corrupted.
nwkjac=value and nwkjac=value in d02ntf.
Either the value of sdysav is not the same as the value supplied to the setup routine or a communication array has become corrupted.
sdysav=value, sdysav (setup) =value.
Failure during internal time interpolation. tout and the current time are too close.
itask=value and tout=value and the current time is value.
itask=3 and tout is more than an integration step behind the current time.
tout=value, current time minus step size: value.
monitr appears to have overwritten the solution vector.
Further integration will not be attempted.
monitr set imon=value.
Constraint: -2imon4.
monitr set inln=value.
Constraint: inln=3.
On entry, an illegal (negative) maximum number of steps was provided in a prior call to a setup routine. maxstp=value.
On entry, an illegal (negative) maximum stepsize was provided in a prior call to a setup routine. hmax=value.
On entry, an illegal (negative) minimum stepsize was provided in a prior call to a setup routine. hmin=value.
On entry, atol=value.
Constraint: atol0.0.
On entry, itask=value.
Constraint: 1itask5.
On entry, itask=4 or 5 and tcrit is before the current time in the direction of integration.
itask=value, tcrit=value and the current time is value.
On entry, itask=4 or 5 and tcrit is before tout in the direction of integration.
itask=value, tcrit=value and tout=value.
On entry, itol=value.
Constraint: 1itol4.
On entry, neq=value.
Constraint: neq1.
On entry, neq=value and ldysav=value.
Constraint: neqldysav.
On entry, rtol=value.
Constraint: rtol0.0.
On entry, tout is less than t with respect to the direction of integration given by the sign of h0 in a prior call to a setup routine.
tout=value, t=value and h0=value.
On entry, tout is too close to t to start integration.
tout=value and t=value.
The initial stepsize, value, is too small.
ifail=2
At time value the maximum number of allowed steps on this call was taken before reaching the next output point tout=value.
Maximum number of steps =value.
ifail=3
Too much accuracy requested for precision of the machine at time value.
The tolerances should be checked; the requested accuracy should be reduced by a factor of at least value.
With the given values of rtol and atol no further progress can be made across the integration range from the current point t. The components y1,y2,,yneq contain the computed values of the solution at the current point t.
ifail=4
There were repeated error-test failures on an attempted step, before completing the requested task, but the integration was successful as far as t. The problem may have a singularity, or the local error requirements may be inappropriate.
ifail=5
There were repeated convergence-test failures on an attempted step, before completing the requested task, but the integration was successful as far as t. This may be caused by an inaccurate Jacobian matrix or one which is incorrectly computed.
ifail=6
At time value, error weight value became zero. Check the values of atol, rtol and itol supplied.
Weight number i=value used in the local error test is too small. Check the values of rtol and atol.
atoli and yi may both be zero.
Weight i=value.
ifail=7
The derivative evaluation procedure set the error flag ires=3 repeatedly despite attempts by the integrator to avoid this.
ifail=9
A singular Jacobian has been encountered. You should check the problem formulation and Jacobian calculation.
ifail=10
Larger integer workspace required.
Provided: value; required: value.
Not enough integer store provided for sparse matrix solver.
Units of store needed: value. Amount provided: value.
Not enough real store provided for sparse matrix solver.
Units of store needed: value. Amount provided: value.
Workspace error occurred when trying to form the Jacobian matrix in calculating the initial values of the solution and its time derivative.
ifail=11
fcn set ires=2, which signals that the integration should terminate. ires=value at time value.
ifail=12
A return was forced by setting imon=-2, but the integration was successful as far as t.
ifail=13
The requested task has been completed, but it is estimated that a small change in rtol and atol is unlikely to produce any change in the computed solution. (This ONLY applies when you are NOT operating in one step mode; that is, when itask2 or 5.)
ifail=14
On entry, too much accuracy requested for precision of the machine at the start of problem. The tolerances should be checked; the requested accuracy should be reduced by a factor of at least value.
ifail=15
The linear algebra setup routine for banded Jacobian was not called first.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

The accuracy of the numerical solution may be controlled by a careful choice of the arguments rtol and atol, and to a much lesser extent by the choice of norm. You are advised to use scalar error control unless the components of the solution are expected to be poorly scaled. For the type of decaying solution typical of many stiff problems, relative error control with a small absolute error threshold will be most appropriate (that is, you are advised to choose itol=1 with atol1 small but positive).

8 Parallelism and Performance

d02ncf is not thread safe and should not be called from a multithreaded user program. Please see Section 1 in FL Interface Multithreading for more information on thread safety.
d02ncf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
d02ncf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The cost of computing a solution depends critically on the size of the differential system and to a lesser extent on the degree of stiffness of the problem. For d02ncf the cost is proportional to neq× ml+mu+1 2 though for problems which are only mildly nonlinear the cost may be dominated by factors proportional to neq×ml+mu+1 except for very large problems.
In general, you are advised to choose the Backward Differentiation Formula option (setup routine d02nvf) but if efficiency is of great importance and especially if it is suspected that g y has complex eigenvalues near the imaginary axis for some part of the integration, you should try the BLEND option (setup routine d02nwf).

10 Example

This example solves the well-known stiff Robertson problem
a = -0.04a + 1.0E4bc b = 0.04a - 1.0E4bc - 3.0E7b2 c = 3.0E7b2  
over the range 0,10 with initial conditions a=1.0 and b=c=0.0 using scalar relative error control and vector absolute error control itol=2. The solution is obtained at tout=5.0 and tout=10.0 by overshooting and internal C0 interpolation itask=1. d02nby is used for monitr, the BLEND integrator (setup routine d02nwf) is used and the option of an analytical Jacobian is chosen.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (d02ncfe.f90)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (d02ncfe.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (d02ncfe.r)
GnuplotProduced by GNUPLOT 4.6 patchlevel 3 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2e−05 4e−05 6e−05 8e−05 0.0001 Solution (a,c) Solution (b) x Example Program Stiff Explicit ODE, Full Jacobian Stiff Robertson Problem (BLEND integrator) a b c gnuplot_plot_1 gnuplot_plot_2 gnuplot_plot_3