NAG FL Interface
g05xbf (bb)

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1 Purpose

g05xbf uses a Brownian bridge algorithm to construct sample paths for a free or non-free Wiener process. The initialization routine g05xaf must be called prior to the first call to g05xbf.

2 Specification

Fortran Interface
Subroutine g05xbf ( npaths, rcord, d, start, a, term, z, ldz, c, ldc, b, ldb, rcomm, ifail)
Integer, Intent (In) :: npaths, rcord, d, a, ldz, ldc, ldb
Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ifail
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: start(d), term(d), c(ldc,*), rcomm(*)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: z(ldz,*), b(ldb,*)
C Header Interface
#include <nag.h>
void  g05xbf_ (const Integer *npaths, const Integer *rcord, const Integer *d, const double start[], const Integer *a, const double term[], double z[], const Integer *ldz, const double c[], const Integer *ldc, double b[], const Integer *ldb, const double rcomm[], Integer *ifail)
The routine may be called by the names g05xbf or nagf_rand_bb.

3 Description

For details on the Brownian bridge algorithm and the bridge construction order see Section 2.6 in the G05 Chapter Introduction and Section 3 in g05xaf. Recall that the terms Wiener process (or free Wiener process) and Brownian motion are often used interchangeably, while a non-free Wiener process (also known as a Brownian bridge process) refers to a process which is forced to terminate at a given point.

4 References

Glasserman P (2004) Monte Carlo Methods in Financial Engineering Springer

5 Arguments

Note: the following variable is used in the parameter descriptions: N=ntimes, the length of the array times passed to the initialization routine g05xaf.
1: npaths Integer Input
On entry: the number of Wiener sample paths to create.
Constraint: npaths1.
2: rcord Integer Input
On entry: the order in which Normal random numbers are stored in z and in which the generated values are returned in b.
Constraint: rcord=1 or 2.
3: d Integer Input
On entry: the dimension of each Wiener sample path.
Constraint: d1.
4: start(d) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: the starting value of the Wiener process.
5: a Integer Input
On entry: if a=0, a free Wiener process is created beginning at start and term is ignored.
If a=1, a non-free Wiener process is created beginning at start and ending at term.
Constraint: a=0 or 1.
6: term(d) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: the terminal value at which the non-free Wiener process should end. If a=0, term is ignored.
7: z(ldz,*) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
Note: the second dimension of the array z must be at least npaths if rcord=1 and at least d×(N+1-a) if rcord=2.
On entry: the Normal random numbers used to construct the sample paths.
If rcord=1 and quasi-random numbers are used, the d×(N+1-a), where N=nint rcomm(2)-dimensional quasi-random points should be stored in successive columns of z.
If rcord=2 and quasi-random numbers are used, the d×(N+1-a), where N=nint rcomm(2)-dimensional quasi-random points should be stored in successive rows of z.
On exit: the Normal random numbers premultiplied by C.
8: ldz Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array z as declared in the (sub)program from which g05xbf is called.
Constraints:
  • if rcord=1, ldzd×(N+1-a);
  • if rcord=2, ldznpaths.
9: c(ldc,*) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
Note: the second dimension of the array c must be at least d.
On entry: the lower triangular Cholesky factorization C such that CCT gives the covariance matrix of the Wiener process. Elements of C above the diagonal are not referenced.
10: ldc Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array c as declared in the (sub)program from which g05xbf is called.
Constraint: ldcd.
11: b(ldb,*) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
Note: the second dimension of the array b must be at least npaths if rcord=1 and at least d×(N+1) if rcord=2.
On exit: the values of the Wiener sample paths.
Let Xp,ik denote the kth dimension of the ith point of the pth sample path where 1kd, 1iN+1 and 1pnpaths.
If rcord=1, the point Xp,ik will be stored at b(k+(i-1)×d,p).
If rcord=2, the point Xp,ik will be stored at b(p,k+(i-1)×d).
The starting value start is never stored, whereas the terminal value is always stored.
12: ldb Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array b as declared in the (sub)program from which g05xbf is called.
Constraints:
  • if rcord=1, ldbd×(N+1);
  • if rcord=2, ldbnpaths.
13: rcomm(*) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Communication Array
Note: the dimension of this array is dictated by the requirements of associated functions that must have been previously called. This array must be the same array passed as argument rcomm in the previous call to g05xaf or g05xbf.
On entry: communication array as returned by the last call to g05xaf or g05xbf. This array must not be directly modified.
14: ifail Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, −1 or 1 to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of 0 causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of −1 means that an error message is printed while a value of 1 means that it is not.
If halting is not appropriate, the value −1 or 1 is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, the value 0 is recommended. When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or −1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
ifail=1
On entry, rcomm was not initialized or has been corrupted.
ifail=2
On entry, npaths=value.
Constraint: npaths1.
ifail=3
On entry, rcord=value was an illegal value.
ifail=4
On entry, d=value.
Constraint: d1.
ifail=5
On entry, a=value.
Constraint: a=0​ or ​1.
ifail=6
On entry, ldz=value and d×(ntimes+1-a)=value.
Constraint: ldzd×(ntimes+1-a).
On entry, ldz=value and npaths=value.
Constraint: ldznpaths.
ifail=7
On entry, ldc=value.
Constraint: ldcvalue.
ifail=8
On entry, ldb=value and d×(ntimes+1)=value.
Constraint: ldbd×(ntimes+1).
On entry, ldb=value and npaths=value.
Constraint: ldbnpaths.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

Not applicable.

8 Parallelism and Performance

g05xbf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
g05xbf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

None.

10 Example

This example calls g05xbf, g05xaf and g05xef to generate two sample paths of a three-dimensional non-free Wiener process. The process starts at zero and each sample path terminates at the point (1.0,0.5,0.0). Quasi-random numbers are used to construct the sample paths.
See Section 10 in g05xaf and g05xef for additional examples.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (g05xbfe.f90)

10.2 Program Data

None.

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (g05xbfe.r)