NAG CL Interface
g05zqc (field_​2d_​user_​setup)

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1 Purpose

g05zqc performs the setup required in order to simulate stationary Gaussian random fields in two dimensions, for a user-defined variogram, using the circulant embedding method. Specifically, the eigenvalues of the extended covariance matrix (or embedding matrix) are calculated, and their square roots output, for use by g05zsc, which simulates the random field.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
void  g05zqc (const Integer ns[], double xmin, double xmax, double ymin, double ymax, const Integer maxm[], double var,
void (*cov2)(double x, double y, double *gamma, Nag_Comm *comm),
Nag_Parity parity, Nag_EmbedPad pad, Nag_EmbedScale corr, double lam[], double xx[], double yy[], Integer m[], Integer *approx, double *rho, Integer *icount, double eig[], Nag_Comm *comm, NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: g05zqc or nag_rand_field_2d_user_setup.

3 Description

A two-dimensional random field Z(x) in 2 is a function which is random at every point x2, so Z(x) is a random variable for each x. The random field has a mean function μ(x)=𝔼[Z(x)] and a symmetric positive semidefinite covariance function C(x,y)=𝔼[(Z(x)-μ(x))(Z(y)-μ(y))]. Z(x) is a Gaussian random field if for any choice of n and x1,,xn2, the random vector [Z(x1),,Z(xn)]T follows a multivariate Normal distribution, which would have a mean vector μ~ with entries μ~i=μ(xi) and a covariance matrix C~ with entries C~ij=C(xi,xj). A Gaussian random field Z(x) is stationary if μ(x) is constant for all x2 and C(x,y)=C(x+a,y+a) for all x,y,a2 and hence we can express the covariance function C(x,y) as a function γ of one variable: C(x,y)=γ(x-y). γ is known as a variogram (or more correctly, a semivariogram) and includes the multiplicative factor σ2 representing the variance such that γ(0)=σ2.
The functions g05zqc and g05zsc are used to simulate a two-dimensional stationary Gaussian random field, with mean function zero and variogram γ(x), over a domain [xmin,xmax]×[ymin,ymax], using an equally spaced set of N1×N2 points; N1 points in the x-direction and N2 points in the y-direction. The problem reduces to sampling a Normal random vector X of size N1×N2, with mean vector zero and a symmetric covariance matrix A, which is an N2×N2 block Toeplitz matrix with Toeplitz blocks of size N1×N1. Since A is in general expensive to factorize, a technique known as the circulant embedding method is used. A is embedded into a larger, symmetric matrix B, which is an M2×M2 block circulant matrix with circulant blocks of size M1×M1, where M12(N1-1) and M22(N2-1). B can now be factorized as B=WΛW*=R*R, where W is the two-dimensional Fourier matrix (W* is the complex conjugate of W), Λ is the diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues of B and R=Λ12W*. B is known as the embedding matrix. The eigenvalues can be calculated by performing a discrete Fourier transform of the first row (or column) of B and multiplying by M1×M2, and so only the first row (or column) of B is needed – the whole matrix does not need to be formed.
The symmetry of A as a block matrix, and the symmetry of each block of A, depends on whether the variogram γ is even or not. γ is even in its first coordinate if γ([-x1,x2]T)=γ([x1,x2]T), even in its second coordinate if γ([x1,-x2]T)=γ([x1,x2]T), and even if it is even in both coordinates (in two dimensions it is impossible for γ to be even in one coordinate and uneven in the other). If γ is even then A is a symmetric block matrix and has symmetric blocks; if γ is uneven then A is not a symmetric block matrix and has non-symmetric blocks. In the uneven case, M1 and M2 are set to be odd in order to guarantee symmetry in B.
As long as all of the values of Λ are non-negative (i.e., B is positive semidefinite), B is a covariance matrix for a random vector Y which has M2 blocks of size M1. Two samples of Y can now be simulated from the real and imaginary parts of R*(U+iV), where U and V have elements from the standard Normal distribution. Since R*(U+iV)=WΛ12(U+iV), this calculation can be done using a discrete Fourier transform of the vector Λ12(U+iV). Two samples of the random vector X can now be recovered by taking the first N1 elements of the first N2 blocks of each sample of Y – because the original covariance matrix A is embedded in B, X will have the correct distribution.
If B is not positive semidefinite, larger embedding matrices B can be tried; however if the size of the matrix would have to be larger than maxm, an approximation procedure is used. We write Λ=Λ++Λ-, where Λ+ and Λ- contain the non-negative and negative eigenvalues of B respectively. Then B is replaced by ρB+ where B+=WΛ+W* and ρ(0,1] is a scaling factor. The error ε in approximating the distribution of the random field is given by
ε= (1-ρ) 2 traceΛ + ρ2 traceΛ- M .  
Three choices for ρ are available, and are determined by the input argument corr:
g05zqc finds a suitable positive semidefinite embedding matrix B and outputs its sizes in the vector m and the square roots of its eigenvalues in lam. If approximation is used, information regarding the accuracy of the approximation is output. Note that only the first row (or column) of B is actually formed and stored.

4 References

Dietrich C R and Newsam G N (1997) Fast and exact simulation of stationary Gaussian processes through circulant embedding of the covariance matrix SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 18 1088–1107
Schlather M (1999) Introduction to positive definite functions and to unconditional simulation of random fields Technical Report ST 99–10 Lancaster University
Wood A T A and Chan G (1994) Simulation of stationary Gaussian processes in [0,1]d Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 3(4) 409–432

5 Arguments

1: ns[2] const Integer Input
On entry: the number of sample points to use in each direction, with ns[0] sample points in the x-direction, N1 and ns[1] sample points in the y-direction, N2. The total number of sample points on the grid is, therefore, ns[0]×ns[1].
Constraints:
  • ns[0]1;
  • ns[1]1.
2: xmin double Input
On entry: the lower bound for the x-coordinate, for the region in which the random field is to be simulated.
Constraint: xmin<xmax.
3: xmax double Input
On entry: the upper bound for the x-coordinate, for the region in which the random field is to be simulated.
Constraint: xmin<xmax.
4: ymin double Input
On entry: the lower bound for the y-coordinate, for the region in which the random field is to be simulated.
Constraint: ymin<ymax.
5: ymax double Input
On entry: the upper bound for the y-coordinate, for the region in which the random field is to be simulated.
Constraint: ymin<ymax.
6: maxm[2] const Integer Input
On entry: determines the maximum size of the circulant matrix to use – a maximum of maxm[0] elements in the x-direction, and a maximum of maxm[1] elements in the y-direction. The maximum size of the circulant matrix is thus maxm[0]×maxm[1].
Constraints:
  • if parity=Nag_Even, maxm[i] 2 k , where k is the smallest integer satisfying 2 k 2 (ns[i]-1) , for i=0,1;
  • if parity=Nag_Odd, maxm[i] 3 k , where k is the smallest integer satisfying 3 k 2 (ns[i]-1) , for i=0,1.
7: var double Input
On entry: the multiplicative factor σ2 of the variogram γ(x).
Constraint: var0.0.
8: cov2 function, supplied by the user External Function
cov2 must evaluate the variogram γ(x) for all x if parity=Nag_Odd, and for all x with non-negative entries if parity=Nag_Even. The value returned in gamma is multiplied internally by var.
The specification of cov2 is:
void  cov2 (double x, double y, double *gamma, Nag_Comm *comm)
1: x double Input
On entry: the coordinate x at which the variogram γ(x) is to be evaluated.
2: y double Input
On entry: the coordinate y at which the variogram γ(x) is to be evaluated.
3: gamma double * Output
On exit: the value of the variogram γ(x).
4: comm Nag_Comm *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_Comm; the following members are relevant to cov2.
userdouble *
iuserInteger *
pPointer 
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling g05zqc you may allocate memory and initialize these pointers with various quantities for use by cov2 when called from g05zqc (see Section 3.1.1 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
Note: cov2 should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by g05zqc. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, g05zqc is likely to produce unexpected results.
9: parity Nag_Parity Input
On entry: indicates whether the covariance function supplied is even or uneven.
parity=Nag_Odd
The covariance function is uneven.
parity=Nag_Even
The covariance function is even.
Constraint: parity=Nag_Odd or Nag_Even.
10: pad Nag_EmbedPad Input
On entry: determines whether the embedding matrix is padded with zeros, or padded with values of the variogram. The choice of padding may affect how big the embedding matrix must be in order to be positive semidefinite.
pad=Nag_EmbedPadZeros
The embedding matrix is padded with zeros.
pad=Nag_EmbedPadValues
The embedding matrix is padded with values of the variogram.
Suggested value: pad=Nag_EmbedPadValues.
Constraint: pad=Nag_EmbedPadZeros or Nag_EmbedPadValues.
11: corr Nag_EmbedScale Input
On entry: determines which approximation to implement if required, as described in Section 3.
Suggested value: corr=Nag_EmbedScaleTraces.
Constraint: corr=Nag_EmbedScaleTraces, Nag_EmbedScaleSqrtTraces or Nag_EmbedScaleOne.
12: lam[maxm[0]×maxm[1]] double Output
On exit: contains the square roots of the eigenvalues of the embedding matrix.
13: xx[ns[0]] double Output
On exit: the points of the x-coordinates at which values of the random field will be output.
14: yy[ns[1]] double Output
On exit: the points of the y-coordinates at which values of the random field will be output.
15: m[2] Integer Output
On exit: m[0] contains M1, the size of the circulant blocks and m[1] contains M2, the number of blocks, resulting in a final square matrix of size M1×M2.
16: approx Integer * Output
On exit: indicates whether approximation was used.
approx=0
No approximation was used.
approx=1
Approximation was used.
17: rho double * Output
On exit: indicates the scaling of the covariance matrix. rho=1.0 unless approximation was used with corr=Nag_EmbedScaleTraces or Nag_EmbedScaleSqrtTraces.
18: icount Integer * Output
On exit: indicates the number of negative eigenvalues in the embedding matrix which have had to be set to zero.
19: eig[3] double Output
On exit: indicates information about the negative eigenvalues in the embedding matrix which have had to be set to zero. eig[0] contains the smallest eigenvalue, eig[1] contains the sum of the squares of the negative eigenvalues, and eig[2] contains the sum of the absolute values of the negative eigenvalues.
20: comm Nag_Comm *
The NAG communication argument (see Section 3.1.1 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
21: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument value had an illegal value.
NE_INT_ARRAY
On entry, maxm=[value,value].
Constraint: the minima for maxm are [value,value].
Where, if parity=Nag_Even, the minimum calculated value of maxm[i-1] is given by 2 k , where k is the smallest integer satisfying 2 k 2 (ns[i-1]-1) , and if parity=Nag_Odd, the minimum calculated value of maxm[i-1] is given by 3 k , where k is the smallest integer satisfying 3 k 2(ns[i-1]-1) , for i=1,2.
On entry, ns=[value,value].
Constraint: ns[0]1, ns[1]1.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_REAL
On entry, var=value.
Constraint: var0.0.
NE_REAL_2
On entry, xmin=value and xmax=value.
Constraint: xmin<xmax.
On entry, ymin=value and ymax=value.
Constraint: ymin<ymax.

7 Accuracy

If on exit approx=1, see the comments in Section 3 regarding the quality of approximation; increase the values in maxm to attempt to avoid approximation.

8 Parallelism and Performance

g05zqc is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
g05zqc makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

None.

10 Example

This example calls g05zqc to calculate the eigenvalues of the embedding matrix for 25 sample points on a 5×5 grid of a two-dimensional random field characterized by the symmetric stable variogram:
γ(x) = σ2 exp(- (x) ν ) ,  
where x=|x1+y2|, and 1, 2 and ν are parameters.
It should be noted that the symmetric stable variogram is one of the pre-defined variograms available in g05zrc. It is used here purely for illustrative purposes.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (g05zqce.c)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (g05zqce.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (g05zqce.r)