NAG CL Interface
f08xac (dgges)

Note: this function is deprecated. Replaced by f08xcc.
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1 Purpose

f08xac computes the generalized eigenvalues, the generalized real Schur form (S,T) and, optionally, the left and/or right generalized Schur vectors for a pair of n×n real nonsymmetric matrices (A,B) . f08xac is marked as deprecated by LAPACK; the replacement routine is f08xcc which makes better use of Level 3 BLAS.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
void  f08xac (Nag_OrderType order, Nag_LeftVecsType jobvsl, Nag_RightVecsType jobvsr, Nag_SortEigValsType sort,
Nag_Boolean (*selctg)(double ar, double ai, double b),
Integer n, double a[], Integer pda, double b[], Integer pdb, Integer *sdim, double alphar[], double alphai[], double beta[], double vsl[], Integer pdvsl, double vsr[], Integer pdvsr, NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: f08xac, nag_lapackeig_dgges or nag_dgges.

3 Description

The generalized Schur factorization for a pair of real matrices (A,B) is given by
A = QSZT ,   B = QTZT ,  
where Q and Z are orthogonal, T is upper triangular and S is upper quasi-triangular with 1×1 and 2×2 diagonal blocks. The generalized eigenvalues, λ , of (A,B) are computed from the diagonals of S and T and satisfy
Az = λBz ,  
where z is the corresponding generalized eigenvector. λ is actually returned as the pair (α,β) such that
λ = α/β  
since β , or even both α and β can be zero. The columns of Q and Z are the left and right generalized Schur vectors of (A,B) .
Optionally, f08xac can order the generalized eigenvalues on the diagonals of (S,T) so that selected eigenvalues are at the top left. The leading columns of Q and Z then form an orthonormal basis for the corresponding eigenspaces, the deflating subspaces.
f08xac computes T to have non-negative diagonal elements, and the 2×2 blocks of S correspond to complex conjugate pairs of generalized eigenvalues. The generalized Schur factorization, before reordering, is computed by the QZ algorithm.

4 References

Anderson E, Bai Z, Bischof C, Blackford S, Demmel J, Dongarra J J, Du Croz J J, Greenbaum A, Hammarling S, McKenney A and Sorensen D (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide (3rd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia https://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug
Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

5 Arguments

1: order Nag_OrderType Input
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by order=Nag_RowMajor. See Section 3.1.3 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint: order=Nag_RowMajor or Nag_ColMajor.
2: jobvsl Nag_LeftVecsType Input
On entry: if jobvsl=Nag_NotLeftVecs, do not compute the left Schur vectors.
If jobvsl=Nag_LeftVecs, compute the left Schur vectors.
Constraint: jobvsl=Nag_NotLeftVecs or Nag_LeftVecs.
3: jobvsr Nag_RightVecsType Input
On entry: if jobvsr=Nag_NotRightVecs, do not compute the right Schur vectors.
If jobvsr=Nag_RightVecs, compute the right Schur vectors.
Constraint: jobvsr=Nag_NotRightVecs or Nag_RightVecs.
4: sort Nag_SortEigValsType Input
On entry: specifies whether or not to order the eigenvalues on the diagonal of the generalized Schur form.
sort=Nag_NoSortEigVals
Eigenvalues are not ordered.
sort=Nag_SortEigVals
Eigenvalues are ordered (see selctg).
Constraint: sort=Nag_NoSortEigVals or Nag_SortEigVals.
5: selctg function, supplied by the user External Function
If sort=Nag_SortEigVals, selctg is used to select generalized eigenvalues to be moved to the top left of the generalized Schur form.
If sort=Nag_NoSortEigVals, selctg is not referenced by f08xac, and may be specified as NULLFN.
The specification of selctg is:
Nag_Boolean  selctg (double ar, double ai, double b)
1: ar double Input
2: ai double Input
3: b double Input
On entry: an eigenvalue (ar[j-1]+-1×ai[j-1]) / b[j-1] is selected if selctg(ar[j-1],ai[j-1],b[j-1])=Nag_TRUE . If either one of a complex conjugate pair is selected, then both complex generalized eigenvalues are selected.
Note that in the ill-conditioned case, a selected complex generalized eigenvalue may no longer satisfy selctg(ar[j-1],ai[j-1],b[j-1])=Nag_TRUE after ordering. fail.code= NE_SCHUR_REORDER_SELECT in this case.
6: n Integer Input
On entry: n, the order of the matrices A and B.
Constraint: n0.
7: a[dim] double Input/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array a must be at least max(1,pda×n).
The (i,j)th element of the matrix A is stored in
  • a[(j-1)×pda+i-1] when order=Nag_ColMajor;
  • a[(i-1)×pda+j-1] when order=Nag_RowMajor.
On entry: the first of the pair of matrices, A.
On exit: a has been overwritten by its generalized Schur form S.
8: pda Integer Input
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array a.
Constraint: pdamax(1,n).
9: b[dim] double Input/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array b must be at least max(1,pdb×n).
The (i,j)th element of the matrix B is stored in
  • b[(j-1)×pdb+i-1] when order=Nag_ColMajor;
  • b[(i-1)×pdb+j-1] when order=Nag_RowMajor.
On entry: the second of the pair of matrices, B.
On exit: b has been overwritten by its generalized Schur form T.
10: pdb Integer Input
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array b.
Constraint: pdbmax(1,n).
11: sdim Integer * Output
On exit: if sort=Nag_NoSortEigVals, sdim=0.
If sort=Nag_SortEigVals, sdim= number of eigenvalues (after sorting) for which selctg is Nag_TRUE. (Complex conjugate pairs for which selctg is Nag_TRUE for either eigenvalue count as 2.)
12: alphar[n] double Output
On exit: see the description of beta.
13: alphai[n] double Output
On exit: see the description of beta.
14: beta[n] double Output
On exit: (alphar[j-1]+alphai[j-1]×i)/beta[j-1], for j=1,2,,n, will be the generalized eigenvalues. alphar[j-1]+alphai[j-1]×i, and beta[j-1], for j=1,2,,n, are the diagonals of the complex Schur form (S,T) that would result if the 2×2 diagonal blocks of the real Schur form of (A,B) were further reduced to triangular form using 2×2 complex unitary transformations.
If alphai[j-1] is zero, then the jth eigenvalue is real; if positive, then the jth and (j+1)st eigenvalues are a complex conjugate pair, with alphai[j] negative.
Note:  the quotients alphar[j-1]/beta[j-1] and alphai[j-1]/beta[j-1] may easily overflow or underflow, and beta[j-1] may even be zero. Thus, you should avoid naively computing the ratio α/β. However, alphar and alphai will always be less than and usually comparable with A2 in magnitude, and beta will always be less than and usually comparable with B2.
15: vsl[dim] double Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array vsl must be at least
  • max(1,pdvsl×n) when jobvsl=Nag_LeftVecs;
  • 1 otherwise.
The (i,j)th element of the matrix is stored in
  • vsl[(j-1)×pdvsl+i-1] when order=Nag_ColMajor;
  • vsl[(i-1)×pdvsl+j-1] when order=Nag_RowMajor.
On exit: if jobvsl=Nag_LeftVecs, vsl will contain the left Schur vectors, Q.
If jobvsl=Nag_NotLeftVecs, vsl is not referenced.
16: pdvsl Integer Input
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array vsl.
Constraints:
  • if jobvsl=Nag_LeftVecs, pdvsl max(1,n) ;
  • otherwise pdvsl1.
17: vsr[dim] double Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array vsr must be at least
  • max(1,pdvsr×n) when jobvsr=Nag_RightVecs;
  • 1 otherwise.
The (i,j)th element of the matrix is stored in
  • vsr[(j-1)×pdvsr+i-1] when order=Nag_ColMajor;
  • vsr[(i-1)×pdvsr+j-1] when order=Nag_RowMajor.
On exit: if jobvsr=Nag_RightVecs, vsr will contain the right Schur vectors, Z.
If jobvsr=Nag_NotRightVecs, vsr is not referenced.
18: pdvsr Integer Input
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array vsr.
Constraints:
  • if jobvsr=Nag_RightVecs, pdvsr max(1,n) ;
  • otherwise pdvsr1.
19: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument value had an illegal value.
NE_ENUM_INT_2
On entry, jobvsl=value, pdvsl=value and n=value.
Constraint: if jobvsl=Nag_LeftVecs, pdvsl max(1,n) ;
otherwise pdvsl1.
On entry, jobvsr=value, pdvsr=value and n=value.
Constraint: if jobvsr=Nag_RightVecs, pdvsr max(1,n) ;
otherwise pdvsr1.
NE_INT
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n0.
On entry, pda=value.
Constraint: pda>0.
On entry, pdb=value.
Constraint: pdb>0.
On entry, pdvsl=value.
Constraint: pdvsl>0.
On entry, pdvsr=value.
Constraint: pdvsr>0.
NE_INT_2
On entry, pda=value and n=value.
Constraint: pdamax(1,n).
On entry, pdb=value and n=value.
Constraint: pdbmax(1,n).
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_ITERATION_QZ
The QZ iteration failed. No eigenvectors have been calculated but alphar[j], alphai[j] and beta[j] should be correct from element value.
The QZ iteration failed with an unexpected error, please contact NAG.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_SCHUR_REORDER
The eigenvalues could not be reordered because some eigenvalues were too close to separate (the problem is very ill-conditioned).
NE_SCHUR_REORDER_SELECT
After reordering, roundoff changed values of some complex eigenvalues so that leading eigenvalues in the generalized Schur form no longer satisfy selctg=Nag_TRUE. This could also be caused by underflow due to scaling.

7 Accuracy

The computed generalized Schur factorization satisfies
A+E = QS ZT ,   B+F = QT ZT ,  
where
(E,F) F = O(ε) (A,B) F  
and ε is the machine precision. See Section 4.11 of Anderson et al. (1999) for further details.

8 Parallelism and Performance

f08xac is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
f08xac makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The total number of floating-point operations is proportional to n3.
The complex analogue of this function is f08xnc.

10 Example

This example finds the generalized Schur factorization of the matrix pair (A,B), where
A = ( 3.9 12.5 -34.5 -0.5 4.3 21.5 -47.5 7.5 4.3 21.5 -43.5 3.5 4.4 26.0 -46.0 6.0 )   and   B= ( 1.0 2.0 -3.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 -5.0 4.0 1.0 3.0 -4.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 -4.0 4.0 ) ,  
such that the real positive eigenvalues of (A,B) correspond to the top left diagonal elements of the generalized Schur form, (S,T).

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (f08xace.c)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (f08xace.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (f08xace.r)