NAG CL Interface
e04ugc (nlp1_​sparse_​solve)

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1 Purpose

e04ugc solves sparse nonlinear programming problems.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
void  e04ugc (
void (*confun)(Integer ncnln, Integer njnln, Integer nnzjac, const double x[], double conf[], double conjac[], Nag_Comm *comm),
void (*objfun)(Integer nonln, const double x[], double *objf, double objgrad[], Nag_Comm *comm),
Integer n, Integer m, Integer ncnln, Integer nonln, Integer njnln, Integer iobj, Integer nnz, double a[], const Integer ha[], const Integer ka[], double bl[], double bu[], double xs[], Integer *ninf, double *sinf, double *objf, Nag_Comm *comm, Nag_E04_Opt *options, NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: e04ugc, nag_opt_nlp1_sparse_solve or nag_opt_nlp_sparse.

3 Description

e04ugc is designed to solve a class of nonlinear programming problems that are assumed to be stated in the following general form:
minimize x R n ​ ​ f (x)   subject to   l { x F (x) G x } u , (1)
where x = ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x n ) T is a set of variables, f (x) is a smooth scalar objective function, l and u are constant lower and upper bounds, F (x) is a vector of smooth nonlinear constraint functions { F i (x)} and G is a sparse matrix.
The constraints involving F and Gx are called the general constraints. Note that upper and lower bounds are specified for all variables and constraints. This form allows full generality in specifying various types of constraint. In particular, the j th constraint can be defined as an equality by setting l j = u j . If certain bounds are not present, the associated elements of l or u can be set to special values that will be treated as - or + . (See the description of the optional parameter options.inf_bound in Section 12.2).
e04ugc converts the upper and lower bounds on the m elements of F and Gx to equalities by introducing a set of slack variables s , where s = ( s 1 , s 2 ,, s m ) T . For example, the linear constraint 5 2 x 1 + 3 x 2 + is replaced by 2 x 1 + 3 x 2 - s 1 = 0 , together with the bounded slack 5 s 1 + . The problem defined by (1) can, therefore, be re-written in the following equivalent form:
minimize x R n , s R m f (x)   subject to   { F (x) G x } - s = 0 ,   l { x s } u . (2)
Since the slack variables s are subject to the same upper and lower bounds as the elements of F and Gx , the bounds on F and Gx can simply be thought of as bounds on the combined vector (x,s) . The elements of x and s are partitioned into basic, nonbasic and superbasic variables defined as follows (see Section 11 for more details):
For example, in the simplex method (see Gill et al. (1981)) the elements of x can be partitioned at each vertex into a set of m basic variables (all non-negative) and a set of (n-m) nonbasic variables (all zero). This is equivalent to partitioning the columns of the constraint matrix as (BN) , where B contains the m columns that correspond to the basic variables and N contains the (n-m) columns that correspond to the nonbasic variables.
The optional parameter options.direction (default value options.direction=Nag_Minimize) may be used to specify an alternative problem in which f (x) is maximized (setting options.direction=Nag_Maximize), or to only find a feasible point (setting options.direction=Nag_FeasiblePoint). If the objective function is nonlinear and all the constraints are linear, F is absent and the problem is said to be linearly constrained. In general, the objective and constraint functions are structured in the sense that they are formed from sums of linear and nonlinear functions. This structure can be exploited by the function during the solution process as follows.
Consider the following nonlinear optimization problem with four variables (u,v,z,w) :
minimize u , v , z , w (u+v+z) 2 + 3z + 5w  
subject to the constraints
u2+v2+z=2 u4+v4+w=4 2u+4v0  
and to the bounds
z0 w0 .  
This problem has several characteristics that can be exploited by the function:
The nonlinear terms are defined by the user-supplied subroutines objfun and confun (see Section 5), which involve only the appropriate subset of variables.
For the objective, we define the function f (u,v,z) = (u+v+z) 2 to include only the nonlinear part of the objective. The three variables (u,v,z) associated with this function are known as the nonlinear objective variables. The number of them is given by nonln (see Section 5), and they are the only variables needed in objfun. The linear part 3 z + 5 w of the objective is stored in row iobj (see Section 5) of the (constraint) Jacobian matrix A (see below).
Thus, if x and y denote the nonlinear and linear objective variables, respectively, the objective may be re-written in the form
f ( x ) + cT x + dT y ,  
where f ( x ) is the nonlinear part of the objective and c and d are constant vectors that form a row of A . In this example, x = (u,v,z) and y = w .
Similarly for the constraints, we define a vector function F (u,v) to include just the nonlinear terms. In this example, F 1 (u,v) = u 2 + v 2 and F 2 (u,v) = u 4 + v 4 , where the two variables (u,v) are known as the nonlinear Jacobian variables. The number of them is given by njnln (see Section 5), and they are the only variables needed in confun. Thus, if x and y denote the nonlinear and linear Jacobian variables, respectively, the constraint functions and the linear part of the objective have the form
( F ( x ) A 2 y A 3 x A 4 y ) , (3)
where x = (u,v) and y = (z,w) in this example. This ensures that the Jacobian is of the form
A = ( J ( x ) A 2 A 3 A 4 )  
where J ( x ) = F(x) x . Note that J ( x ) always appears in the top left-hand corner of A .
The inequalities l 1 F ( x ) + A 2 y u 1 and l 2 A 3 x + A 4 y u 2 implied by the constraint functions in (3) are known as the nonlinear and linear constraints, respectively. The nonlinear constraint vector F ( x ) in (3) and (optionally) its partial derivative matrix J ( x ) are set in confun. The matrices A 2 , A 3 and A 4 contain any (constant) linear terms. Along with the sparsity pattern of J ( x ) they are stored in the arrays a, ha and ka (see Section 5).
In general, the vectors x and x have different dimensions, but they must always overlap, in the sense that the shorter vector should always be the beginning of the other. In the above example, the nonlinear Jacobian variables (u,v) are an ordered subset of the nonlinear objective variables (u,v,z) . In other cases it could be the other way round. Note that in some cases it might be necessary to add variables to x or x (whichever is the most convenient), but the first way keeps J ( x ) as small as possible. Thus, the nonlinear objective function f ( x ) may involve either a subset or superset of the variables appearing in the nonlinear constraint functions F ( x ) , and nonlnnjnln (or vice-versa). Sometimes the objective and constraints may really involve disjoint sets of nonlinear variables. In such cases the variables should be ordered so that nonln>njnln and x = ( x , x ′′′ ) , where the objective is nonlinear in just the last vector x ′′′ . The first njnln elements of the gradient array objgrad (corresponding to x ) should then be set to zero in objfun. This is illustrated in Section 10.
If there are no nonlinear constraints in (1) and f (x) is linear or quadratic, then it may be simpler and/or more efficient to use e04nkc to solve the resulting linear or quadratic programming problem, or one of e04mfc, e04ncc or e04nfc if G is a dense matrix. If the problem is dense and does have nonlinear constraints, then e04ucc should be used instead.
You must supply an initial estimate of the solution to (1), together with versions of objfun and confun that define f ( x ) and F ( x ) , respectively, and as many first partial derivatives as possible. Note that if there are any nonlinear constraints, then the first call to confun will precede the first call to objfun.
e04ugc is based on the SNOPT package described in Gill et al. (1997), which in turn utilizes routines from the MINOS package (see Murtagh and Saunders (1995)). It incorporates a Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) method that obtains search directions from a sequence of Quadratic Programming (QP) subproblems. Each QP subproblem minimizes a quadratic model of a certain Lagrangian function subject to a linearization of the constraints. An augmented Lagrangian merit function is reduced along each search direction to ensure convergence from any starting point. Further details can be found in Section 11.
Throughout this document the symbol ε is used to represent the machine precision (see X02AJC).

4 References

Conn A R (1973) Constrained optimization using a nondifferentiable penalty function SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 10 760–779
Eldersveld S K (1991) Large-scale sequential quadratic programming algorithms PhD Thesis Department of Operations Research, Stanford University, Stanford
Fletcher R (1984) An l1 penalty method for nonlinear constraints Numerical Optimization 1984 (eds P T Boggs, R H Byrd and R B Schnabel) 26–40 SIAM Philadelphia
Fourer R (1982) Solving staircase linear programs by the simplex method Math. Programming 23 274–313
Gill P E, Murray W and Saunders M A (1997) SNOPT: an SQP algorithm for large-scale constrained optimization Numerical Analysis Report 97–2 Department of Mathematics, University of California, San Diego
Gill P E, Murray W and Saunders M A (2002) SNOPT: An SQP Algorithm for Large-scale Constrained Optimization 12 979–1006 SIAM J. Optim.
Gill P E, Murray W, Saunders M A and Wright M H (1986) Users' guide for NPSOL (Version 4.0): a Fortran package for nonlinear programming Report SOL 86-2 Department of Operations Research, Stanford University
Gill P E, Murray W, Saunders M A and Wright M H (1989) A practical anti-cycling procedure for linearly constrained optimization Math. Programming 45 437–474
Gill P E, Murray W, Saunders M A and Wright M H (1992) Some theoretical properties of an augmented Lagrangian merit function Advances in Optimization and Parallel Computing (ed P M Pardalos) 101–128 North Holland
Gill P E, Murray W and Wright M H (1981) Practical Optimization Academic Press
Hock W and Schittkowski K (1981) Test Examples for Nonlinear Programming Codes. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 187 Springer–Verlag
Murtagh B A and Saunders M A (1995) MINOS 5.4 users' guide Report SOL 83-20R Department of Operations Research, Stanford University
Ortega J M and Rheinboldt W C (1970) Iterative Solution of Nonlinear Equations in Several Variables Academic Press
Powell M J D (1974) Introduction to constrained optimization Numerical Methods for Constrained Optimization (eds P E Gill and W Murray) 1–28 Academic Press

5 Arguments

1: confun function, supplied by the user External Function
confun must calculate the vector F (x) of nonlinear constraint functions and (optionally) its Jacobian ( = F x ) for a specified njnln (n) element vector x . If there are no nonlinear constraints (i.e., ncnln=0 ), confun will never be called by e04ugc and the NAG defined null void function pointer, NULLFN, can be supplied in the call to e04ugc. If there are nonlinear constraints, the first call to confun will occur before the first call to objfun.
The specification of confun is:
void  confun (Integer ncnln, Integer njnln, Integer nnzjac, const double x[], double conf[], double conjac[], Nag_Comm *comm)
1: ncnln Integer Input
On entry: the number of nonlinear constraints. These must be the first ncnln constraints in the problem.
2: njnln Integer Input
On entry: the number of nonlinear variables. These must be the first njnln variables in the problem.
3: nnzjac Integer Input
On entry: the number of nonzero elements in the constraint Jacobian. Note that nnzjac will always be less than, or equal to, ncnln×njnln .
4: x[njnln] const double Input
On entry: x , the vector of nonlinear Jacobian variables at which the nonlinear constraint functions and/or all available elements of the constraint Jacobian are to be evaluated.
5: conf[ncnln] double Output
On exit: if commflag = 0 or 2, conf[i-1] must contain the value of F i (x) , the i th nonlinear constraint at x .
6: conjac[dim] double Output
On exit: if commflag = 1 or 2, conjac must return the available elements of J (x) , the constraint Jacobian evaluated at x . These elements must be stored in conjac in exactly the same positions as implied by the definitions of the arrays a, ha and ka described below, remembering that J (x) always appears in the top left-hand corner of A . Note that the function does not perform any internal checks for consistency (except indirectly via the optional parameter options.verify_grad), so great care is essential.
If all elements of the constraint Jacobian are known, i.e., the optional parameter options.con_deriv=Nag_TRUE (the default), any constant elements of the Jacobian may be assigned to a at the start of the optimization if desired. If an element of conjac is not assigned in confun, the corresponding value from a is used. See also the description for a.
If options.con_deriv=Nag_FALSE , then any available partial derivatives of c i (x) must be assigned to the elements of conjac; the remaining elements must remain unchanged. It must be emphasized that, in that case, unassigned elements of conjac are not treated as constant; they are estimated by finite differences, at non-trivial expense.
7: comm Nag_Comm *
Pointer to a structure of type Nag_Comm; the following members are relevant to confun.
flagIntegerInput/Output
On entry: confun is called with commflag set to 0, 1 or 2.
If commflag = 0 , only conf has to be referenced.
If commflag = 1 , only conjac has to be referenced.
If commflag = 2 , both conf and conjac are referenced.
On exit: if confun resets commflag to −1 , e04ugc will terminate with the error indicator NE_CANNOT_CALCULATE, unless this occurs during the linesearch; in this case, the linesearch will shorten the step and try again. If confun resets commflag to a value smaller or equal to −2 ,, e04ugc will terminate immediately with the error indicator NE_USER_STOP. In both cases, if fail is supplied to e04ugc, fail.errnum will be set to your setting of commflag .
firstNag_BooleanInput
On entry: will be set to Nag_TRUE on the first call to confun and Nag_FALSE for all subsequent calls. This argument setting allows you to save computation time if certain data must be read or calculated only once.
lastNag_BooleanInput
On entry: will be set to Nag_TRUE on the last call to confun and Nag_FALSE for all other calls. This argument setting allows you to perform some additional computation on the final solution.
userdouble *
iuserInteger *
pPointer 
The type Pointer is void *.
Before calling e04ugc these pointers may be allocated memory and initialized with various quantities for use by confun when called from e04ugc.
Note: confun should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by e04ugc. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, e04ugc is likely to produce unexpected results.
Note: confun should be tested separately before being used in conjunction with e04ugc. The optional parameters options.verify_grad and options.major_iter_lim can be used to assist this process (see Section 12.2). The array x must not be changed by confun.
If confun does not calculate all of the Jacobian constraint elements then the optional parameter options.con_deriv should be set to Nag_FALSE.
2: objfun function, supplied by the user External Function
objfun must calculate the nonlinear part of the objective f (x) and (optionally) its gradient ( = f x ) for a specified nonln (n) element vector x . If there are no nonlinear objective variables (i.e., nonln=0 ), objfun will never be called by e04ugc and the NAG defined null void function pointer, NULLFN, can be supplied in the call to e04ugc.
The specification of objfun is:
void  objfun (Integer nonln, const double x[], double *objf, double objgrad[], Nag_Comm *comm)
1: nonln Integer Input
On entry: the number of nonlinear objective variables. These must be the first nonln variables in the problem.
2: x[nonln] const double Input
On entry: the vector x of nonlinear variables at which the nonlinear part of the objective function and/or all available elements of its gradient are to be evaluated.
3: objf double * Output
On exit: if commflag = 0 or 2, objfun must set objf to the value of the nonlinear part of the objective function at x . If it is not possible to evaluate the objective function at x , then objfun should assign −1 to commflag ; e04ugc will then terminate, unless this occurs during the linesearch; in this case, the linesearch will shorten the step and try again.
4: objgrad[nonln] double Output
On exit: if commflag = 1 or 2, objgrad must return the available elements of the gradient f x evaluated at the current point x .
If the optional parameter options.obj_deriv=Nag_TRUE (the default), all elements of objgrad must be set; if options.obj_deriv=Nag_FALSE , any available elements of the Jacobian matrix must be assigned to the elements of objgrad; the remaining elements must remain unchanged.
5: comm Nag_Comm *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_Comm; the following members are relevant to objfun.
flagIntegerInput/Output
On entry: objfun is called with commflag set to 0, 1 or 2.
If commflag = 0 then only objf has to be referenced.
If commflag = 1 then only objgrad has to be referenced.
If commflag = 2 then both objf and objgrad are referenced.
On exit: if objfun resets commflag to −1 , then e04ugc will terminate with the error indicator NE_CANNOT_CALCULATE, unless this occurs during the linesearch; in this case, the linesearch will shorten the step and try again. If objfun resets commflag to a value smaller or equal to −2 , then e04ugc will terminate immediately with the error indicator NE_USER_STOP. In both cases, if fail is supplied to e04ugc fail.errnum will then be set to your setting of commflag .
firstNag_BooleanInput
On entry: will be set to Nag_TRUE on the first call to objfun and Nag_FALSE for all subsequent calls. This argument setting allows you to save computation time if certain data must be read or calculated only once.
lastNag_BooleanInput
On entry: will be set to Nag_TRUE on the last call to objfun and Nag_FALSE for all other calls. This argument setting allows you to perform some additional computation on the final solution.
nfIntegerInput
On entry: the number of evaluations of the objective function; this value will be equal to the number of calls made to objfun including the current one.
userdouble *
iuserInteger *
pPointer 
The type Pointer is void *.
Before calling e04ugc these pointers may be allocated memory and initialized with various quantities for use by objfun when called from e04ugc.
Note: objfun should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by e04ugc. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, e04ugc is likely to produce unexpected results.
Note: objfun should be tested separately before being used in conjunction with e04ugc. The optional parameters options.verify_grad and options.major_iter_lim can be used to assist this process (see Section 12.2). The array x must not be changed by objfun.
If the function objfun does not calculate all of the Jacobian elements then the optional parameter options.obj_deriv should be set to Nag_FALSE.
3: n Integer Input
On entry: n , the number of variables (excluding slacks). This is the number of columns in the full Jacobian matrix A .
Constraint: n1 .
4: m Integer Input
On entry: m , the number of general constraints (or slacks). This is the number of rows in A , including the free row (if any; see iobj). Note that A must contain at least one row. If your problem has no constraints, or only upper and lower bounds on the variables, then you must include a dummy ‘free’ row consisting of a single (zero) element subject to ‘infinite’ upper and lower bounds. Further details can be found under the descriptions for iobj, nnz, a, ha, ka, bl and bu.
Constraint: m1 .
5: ncnln Integer Input
On entry: the number of nonlinear constraints. These correspond to the leading ncnln rows of A .
Constraint: 0 ncnln m .
6: nonln Integer Input
On entry: the number of nonlinear objective variables. If the objective function is nonlinear, the leading nonln columns of A belong to the nonlinear objective variables. (See also the description for njnln.)
Constraint: 0 nonln n .
7: njnln Integer Input
On entry: the number of nonlinear Jacobian variables. If there are any nonlinear constraints, the leading njnln columns of A belong to the nonlinear Jacobian variables. If nonln>0 and njnln>0 , the nonlinear objective and Jacobian variables overlap. The total number of nonlinear variables is given by n ¯ = max(nonln,njnln) .
Constraints:
  • if ncnln=0 , njnln=0 ;
  • if ncnln>0 , 1 njnln n .
8: iobj Integer Input
On entry: if iobj>ncnln , row iobj of A is a free row containing the nonzero elements of the linear part of the objective function.
iobj=0
There is no free row.
iobj=−1
There is a dummy ‘free’ row.
Constraints:
  • if iobj>0 , ncnln < iobj m ;
  • otherwise iobj −1 .
9: nnz Integer Input
On entry: the number of nonzero elements in A (including the Jacobian for any nonlinear constraints, J ). If iobj = −1 , set nnz=1 .
Constraint: 1 nnz n × m .
10: a[nnz] double Input/Output
On entry: the nonzero elements of the Jacobian matrix A , ordered by increasing column index. Note that elements with the same row and column index are not allowed. Since the constraint Jacobian matrix J ( x ) must always appear in the top left-hand corner of A , those elements in a column associated with any nonlinear constraints must come before any elements belonging to the linear constraint matrix G and the free row (if any; see iobj).
In general, A is partitioned into a nonlinear part and a linear part corresponding to the nonlinear variables and linear variables in the problem. Elements in the nonlinear part may be set to any value (e.g., zero) because they are initialized at the first point that satisfies the linear constraints and the upper and lower bounds. If the optional parameter options.con_deriv=Nag_TRUE (the default), the nonlinear part may also be used to store any constant Jacobian elements. Note that if confun does not define the constant Jacobian element conjac[i] , the missing value will be obtained directly from the corresponding element of a. The linear part must contain the nonzero elements of G and the free row (if any). If iobj = −1 , set a[0] = β , say, where |β| < bigbnd and bigbnd is the value of the optional parameter options.inf_bound (default value = 10 20 ). Elements with the same row and column indices are not allowed. (See also the descriptions for ha and ka.)
On exit: elements in the nonlinear part corresponding to nonlinear Jacobian variables are overwritten.
11: ha[nnz] const Integer Input
On entry: ha[i-1] must contain the row index of the nonzero element stored in a[i-1] , for i=1,2,,nnz. The row indices for a column may be supplied in any order subject to the condition that those elements in a column associated with any nonlinear constraints must appear before those elements associated with any linear constraints (including the free row, if any). Note that confun must define the Jacobian elements in the same order. If iobj = −1 , set ha[0] = 1 .
Constraint: 1 ha[i-1] m , for i=1,2,,nnz.
12: ka[n+1] const Integer Input
On entry: ka[j-1] must contain the index in a of the start of the j th column, for j=1,2,,n. To specify the j th column as empty, set ka[j] = ka[j-1] . Note that the first and last elements of ka must be such that ka[0] = 0 and ka[n] = nnz . If iobj = −1 , set ka[j] = 1 , for j=1,2,,n.
Constraints:
  • ka[0] = 0 ;
  • ka[j-1] 0 , for j=2,3,,n;
  • ka[n] = nnz ;
  • 0 ka[j] - ka[j-1] m , for j=1,2,,n.
13: bl[n+m] double Input/Output
14: bu[n+m] double Input/Output
On entry: bl must contain the lower bounds l and bu the upper bounds u , for all the variables and general constraints, in the following order. The first n elements of bl must contain the bounds on the variables x, the next ncnln elements the bounds for the nonlinear constraints F (x) (if any) and the next (m-ncnln) elements the bounds for the linear constraints Gx and the free row (if any). To specify a nonexistent lower bound (i.e., l j = - ), set bl[j-1] -options.inf_bound , and to specify a nonexistent upper bound (i.e., u j = + ), set bu[j-1] options.inf_bound, where options.inf_bound is one of the optional parameters (default value 10 20 , see Section 12.2). To specify the j th constraint as an equality, set bl[j-1] = bu[j-1] = β , say, where |β| < options.inf_bound. Note that the lower bound corresponding to iobj0 must be set to - and stored in bl[ n + |iobj| - 1 ] ; similarly, the upper bound must be set to + and stored in bu[ n + |iobj| - 1 ] .
On exit: the elements of bl and bu may have been modified internally, but they are restored on exit.
Constraints:
  • bl[j] bu[j] , for j=0,1,, n + m-1 ;
  • if bl[j] = bu[j] = β , |β| < options.inf_bound ;
  • if ncnln < iobj m or iobj = −1 , bl[ n + |iobj| - 1 ] -options.inf_bound and bu[ n + |iobj| - 1 ] options.inf_bound .
15: xs[n+m] double Input/Output
On entry: xs[j-1] , for j=1,2,,n, must contain the initial values of the variables, x . In addition, if a ‘warm start’ is specified by means of the optional parameter options.start (see Section 12.2) the elements xs[ n + i - 1 ] , for i=1,2,,m, must contain the initial values of the slack variables, s .
On exit: the final values of the variables and slacks (x,s) .
16: ninf Integer * Output
On exit: the number of constraints that lie outside their bounds by more than the value of the optional parameter options.minor_feas_tol (default value = ε ).
If the linear constraints are infeasible, the sum of the infeasibilities of the linear constraints is minimized subject to the upper and lower bounds being satisfied. In this case, ninf contains the number of elements of Gx that lie outside their upper or lower bounds. Note that the nonlinear constraints are not evaluated.
Otherwise, the sum of the infeasibilities of the nonlinear constraints is minimized subject to the linear constraints and the upper and lower bounds being satisfied. In this case, ninf contains the number of elements of F (x) that lie outside their upper or lower bounds.
17: sinf double * Output
On exit: the sum of the infeasibilities of constraints that lie outside their bounds by more than the value of the optional parameter options.minor_feas_tol (default value = ε ).
If the linear constraints are infeasible, sinf contains the sum of the infeasibilities of the linear constraints. Otherwise, sinf contains the sum of the infeasibilities of the nonlinear constraints.
18: objf double * Output
On exit: the value of the objective function at the final iterate.
19: comm Nag_Comm * Input/Output
Note: comm is a NAG defined type (see Section 3.1.1 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
On entry/exit: structure containing pointers for communication to the user-supplied functions objfun and confun; see the description of objfun and confun for details. If you do not need to make use of this communication feature the null pointer NAGCOMM_NULL may be used in the call to e04ugc; comm will then be declared internally for use in calls to user-supplied functions.
20: options Nag_E04_Opt * Input/Output
On entry/exit: a pointer to a structure of type Nag_E04_Opt whose members are optional parameters for e04ugc. These structure members offer the means of adjusting some of the argument values of the algorithm and on output will supply further details of the results. A description of the members of options is given below in Section 12. Some of the results returned in options can be used by e04ugc to perform a ‘warm start’ (see the optional parameter options.start in Section 12.2).
If any of these optional parameters are required then the structure options should be declared and initialized by a call to e04xxc and supplied as an argument to e04ugc. However, if the optional parameters are not required the NAG defined null pointer, E04_DEFAULT, can be used in the function call.
21: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_2_INT_ARG_CONS
On entry, njnln=value while ncnln=value . These arguments must satisfy njnln=0 when ncnln=0 .
NE_2_INT_OPT_ARG_CONS
On entry, options.con_check_start=value while options.con_check_stop=value . These arguments must satisfy options.con_check_startoptions.con_check_stop .
(Note that this error may only occur when options.verify_grad=Nag_CheckCon or Nag_CheckObjCon.)
On entry, options.obj_check_start=value while options.obj_check_stop=value . These arguments must satisfy options.obj_check_startoptions.obj_check_stop .
(Note that this error may only occur when options.verify_grad=Nag_CheckObj or Nag_CheckObjCon.)
NE_3_INT_ARG_CONS
On entry, ncnln=value , iobj=value and m=value . These arguments must satisfy ncnln < iobj m when iobj>0 .
NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
NE_ARRAY_CONS
The contents of array ka are not valid.
Constraint: 0 ka[i+1] - ka[i] m , for 0 i < n .
The contents of array ka are not valid.
Constraint: ka[0] = 0 .
The contents of array ka are not valid.
Constraint: ka[n] = nnz .
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument options.crash had an illegal value.
On entry, argument options.direction had an illegal value.
On entry, argument options.hess_storage had an illegal value.
On entry, argument options.minor_print_level had an illegal value.
On entry, argument options.print_deriv had an illegal value.
On entry, argument options.print_level had an illegal value.
On entry, argument options.start had an illegal value.
On entry, argument options.verify_grad had an illegal value.
NE_BASIS_SINGULAR
The basis is singular after 15 attempts to factorize it (and adding slacks when necessary). Either the problem is badly scaled or the value of the optional parameter options.lu_factor_tol (default value =5.0 or 100.0) is too large.
NE_BOUND
The lower bound for variable value (array element bl[value] ) is greater than the upper bound.
NE_BOUND_EQ
The lower bound and upper bound for variable value (array elements bl[value] and bu[value] ) are equal but they are greater than or equal to options.inf_bound.
NE_BOUND_EQ_LCON
The lower bound and upper bound for linear constraint value (array element bl[value] and bu[value] ) are equal but they are greater than or equal to options.inf_bound.
NE_BOUND_EQ_NLCON
The lower bound and upper bound for nonlinear constraint value (array element bl[value] and bu[value] ) are equal but they are greater than or equal to options.inf_bound.
NE_BOUND_LCON
The lower bound for linear constraint value (array element bl[value] ) is greater than the upper bound.
NE_BOUND_NLCON
The lower bound for nonlinear constraint value (array element bl[value] ) is greater than the upper bound.
NE_CANNOT_CALCULATE
The objective and/or constraint functions could not be calculated.
NE_CON_DERIV_ERRORS
Subroutine confun appears to be giving incorrect gradients.
The user-provided derivatives of the nonlinear constraint functions computed by confun appear to be incorrect. Check that confun has been coded correctly and that all relevant elements of the nonlinear constraint Jacobian have been assigned their correct values.
NE_DUPLICATE_ELEMENT
Duplicate sparse matrix element found in row value, column value.
NE_INT_ARG_LT
On entry, iobj=value .
Constraint: iobj−1.
On entry, m=value.
Constraint: m1.
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n1.
NE_INT_ARRAY_1
Value value given to ka[value] not valid. Correct range for elements of ka is 0 .
NE_INT_ARRAY_2
Value value given to ha[value] is not valid. Correct range for elements of ha is 1 to m.
NE_INT_OPT_ARG_GT
On entry, options.con_check_start=value .
Constraint: options.con_check_startnonln .
(Note that this error may only occur when options.verify_grad=Nag_CheckCon or Nag_CheckObjCon.)
On entry, options.con_check_stop=value .
Constraint: options.con_check_stopnonln .
(Note that this error may only occur when options.verify_grad=Nag_CheckCon or Nag_CheckObjCon.)
On entry, options.obj_check_start=value .
Constraint: options.obj_check_startnonln .
(Note that this error may only occur when options.verify_grad=Nag_CheckObj or Nag_CheckObjCon.)
On entry, options.obj_check_stop=value .
Constraint: options.obj_check_stopnonln .
(Note that this error may only occur when options.verify_grad=Nag_CheckObj or Nag_CheckObjCon.)
NE_INT_OPT_ARG_LT
On entry, options.con_check_start=value .
Constraint: options.con_check_start1 .
(Note that this error may only occur when options.verify_grad=Nag_CheckCon or Nag_CheckObjCon.)
On entry, options.con_check_stop=value .
Constraint: options.con_check_stop1 .
(Note that this error may only occur when options.verify_grad=Nag_CheckCon or Nag_CheckObjCon.)
On entry, options.expand_freq=value .
Constraint: options.expand_freq0 .
On entry, options.factor_freq=value .
Constraint: options.factor_freq0 .
On entry, options.fcheck=value .
Constraint: options.fcheck0 .
On entry, options.obj_check_start=value .
Constraint: options.obj_check_start1 .
(Note that this error may only occur when options.verify_grad=Nag_CheckObj or Nag_CheckObjCon.)
On entry, options.obj_check_stop=value .
Constraint: options.obj_check_stop1 .
(Note that this error may only occur when options.verify_grad=Nag_CheckObj or Nag_CheckObjCon.)
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
NE_INVALID_INT_RANGE_1
Value value given to ncnln is not valid. Correct range is 0 to m.
Value value given to njnln is not valid. Correct range is (when ncnln>0 ) 1 to n.
Value value given to nnz is not valid. Correct range is 1 to n×m .
Value value given to nonln is not valid. Correct range is 0 to n.
Value value given to options.hess_freq is not valid. Correct range is options.hess_freq>0 .
Value value given to options.hess_update is not valid. Correct range is options.hess_update0 .
Value value given to options.iter_lim is not valid. Correct range is options.iter_lim>0 .
Value value given to options.major_iter_lim is not valid. Correct range is options.major_iter_lim0 .
Value value given to options.max_sb is not valid. Correct range is options.max_sb>0 .
Value value given to options.minor_iter_lim is not valid. Correct range is options.minor_iter_lim0 .
Value value given to options.nsb is not valid. Correct range is: if options.start=Nag_Warm, then options.nsb0 .
Value value given to options.part_price is not valid. Correct range is options.part_price>0 .
NE_INVALID_INT_RANGE_2
Value value given to options.scale_opt is not valid. Correct range is 0 options.scale_opt 2 .
NE_INVALID_REAL_RANGE_E
Value value given to options.elastic_wt is not valid. Correct range is options.elastic_wt>0.0 .
Value value given to options.inf_bound is not valid. Correct range is options.inf_bound>0.0 .
Value value given to options.inf_step is not valid. Correct range is options.inf_step>0.0 .
Value value given to options.lu_den_tol is not valid. Correct range is options.lu_den_tol0.0 .
Value value given to options.lu_factor_tol is not valid. Correct range is options.lu_factor_tol1.0 .
Value value given to options.lu_sing_tol is not valid. Correct range is options.lu_sing_tol>0.0 .
Value value given to options.lu_update_tol is not valid. Correct range is options.lu_update_tol1.0 .
Value value given to options.major_feas_tol is not valid. Correct range is options.major_feas_tol>ε .
Value value given to options.major_opt_tol is not valid. Correct range is options.major_opt_tol>0.0 .
Value value given to options.major_step_lim is not valid. Correct range is options.major_step_lim>0.0 .
Value value given to options.minor_feas_tol is not valid. Correct range is options.minor_feas_tol>ε .
Value value given to options.minor_opt_tol is not valid. Correct range is options.minor_opt_tol>0.0 .
Value value given to options.nz_coef is not valid. Correct range is options.nz_coef1.0 .
Value value given to options.pivot_tol is not valid. Correct range is options.pivot_tol>0.0 .
Value value given to options.unbounded_obj is not valid. Correct range is options.unbounded_obj>0.0 .
Value value given to options.violation_limit is not valid. Correct range is options.violation_limit>0.0 .
NE_INVALID_REAL_RANGE_EE
Value value given to options.c_diff_int is not valid. Correct range is ε options.c_diff_int < 1.0 .
Value value given to options.crash_tol is not valid. Correct range is 0.0 options.crash_tol < 1.0 .
Value value given to options.f_diff_int is not valid. Correct range is ε options.f_diff_int < 1.0 .
Value value given to options.f_prec is not valid. Correct range is ε options.f_prec < 1.0 .
Value value given to options.linesearch_tol is not valid. Correct range is 0.0 options.linesearch_tol < 1.0 .
Value value given to options.scale_tol is not valid. Correct range is 0.0 < options.scale_tol < 1.0 .
NE_LIN_NOT_FEASIBLE
No feasible point was found for the linear constraints. Sum of infeasibilities: value.
The problem is infeasible. The linear constraints cannot all be satisfied to within the values of the optional parameter options.minor_feas_tol (default value = ε ).
NE_MAYBE_UNBOUNDED
Violation limit exceeded. The problem may be unbounded.
Check the values of the optional parameters options.unbounded_obj (default value = 10 15 ) and options.inf_step (default value = max(bigbnd, 10 20 ) ) are not too small. This exit also implies that the objective function is not bounded below (or above in the case of maximization) in the feasible region defined by expanding the bounds by the value of the optional parameter options.violation_limit (default value =10.0 ).
NE_NAME_TOO_LONG
The string pointed to by options.crnames[value] is too long. It should be no longer than 8 characters.
NE_NO_IMPROVE
The current point cannot be improved on.
Check that objfun and confun have been coded correctly and that they are consistent with the values of the optional parameters options.obj_deriv and options.con_deriv (default value =Nag_TRUE ).
NE_NONLIN_NOT_FEASIBLE
No feasible point was found for the nonlinear constraints. Sum of infeasibilities: value.
The problem is infeasible. The nonlinear constraints cannot all be satisfied to within the values of the optional parameter options.major_feas_tol (default value = ε ).
NE_NOT_APPEND_FILE
Cannot open file string for appending.
NE_NOT_CLOSE_FILE
Cannot close file string .
NE_NOT_REQUIRED_ACC
Feasible solution, but required accuracy could not be achieved.
Check that the value of the optional parameter options.major_opt_tol (default value = ε ) is not too small.
NE_OBJ_BOUND
Invalid lower bound for objective row. Bound should be -options.inf_bound .
Invalid upper bound for objective row. Bound should be options.inf_bound.
NE_OBJ_DERIV_ERRORS
Subroutine objfun appears to be giving incorrect gradients.
The user-provided derivatives of the objective function computed by objfun appear to be incorrect. Check that objfun has been coded correctly and that all relevant elements of the objective gradient have been assigned their correct values.
NE_OPT_NOT_INIT
Options structure not initialized.
NE_OUT_OF_WORKSPACE
There is insufficient workspace for the basis factors, and the maximum allowed number of reallocation attempts, as specified by max_restart, has been reached.
NE_STATE_VAL
options.state[value] is out of range. options.state[value] = value.
NE_SUPERBASICS_LIMIT
Too many superbasic variables ( options.max_sb=value ).
The value of the optional parameter options.max_sb (default value =min (500, n ¯ + 1 ,n)) is too small and should be increased.
NE_TOO_MANY_ITER
Iteration limit ( options.iter_lim=value ) exceeded.
NE_TOO_MANY_MAJOR_ITER
Major iteration limit ( options.major_iter_lim=value ) exceeded.
NE_TOO_MANY_MINOR_ITER
Minor iteration limit ( options.minor_iter_lim=value ) exceeded.
NE_UNBOUNDED
Solution appears to be unbounded.
The problem is unbounded (or badly scaled). The objective function is not bounded below (or above in the case of maximization) in the feasible region because a nonbasic variable can apparently be increased or decreased by an arbitrary amount without causing a basic variable to violate a bound. Add an upper or lower bound to the variable (whose index is printed by default) and rerun e04ugc.
NE_USER_STOP
User requested termination, user flag value =value .
This exit occurs if you set commflag to a negative value in objfun or confun. If fail is supplied the value of fail.errnum will be the same as your setting of commflag .

7 Accuracy

If options.major_feas_tol is set to 10 -d (default value = ε ) and fail.code=NE_NOERROR on exit, then the final value of f (x) should have approximatively d correct digits.

8 Parallelism and Performance

e04ugc is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

9.1 Termination Criteria

If e04ugc returns with fail.code=NE_NOERROR , the iterates have converged to a point x that satisfies the first-order Kuhn–Karesh–Tucker conditions (see Section 11.1) to the accuracy requested by the optional parameters options.major_feas_tol (default value = ε ) and options.major_opt_tol (default value = ε ).

10 Example

This example is a reformulation of Problem 74 from Hock and Schittkowski (1981) and involves minimization of the nonlinear function
f (x) = 10 −6 x 3 3 + 2 3 × 10 −6 x 4 3 + 3 x 3 + 2 x 4  
subject to the bounds
-0.55 x 1 0.55 -0.55 x 2 0.55 -0.0 5 x 3 1200 -0.0 5 x 4 1200  
to the nonlinear constraints
1000 sin(- x 1 -0.25) + 1000 sin( - x 2 -0.25) x 2 - x 3 = 0 -894.8 1000 sin( x 1 -0.25) - + 1000 sin( x 1 - x 2 -0.25) - x 4 = 0 -894.8 1000 sin( x 2 -0.25) - + 1000 sin( x 2 - x 1 -0.25) - x 4 = -1294.8  
and to the linear constraints
- x 1 + x 2 -0.55 - x 1 - x 2 -0.55  
The initial point, which is infeasible, is
x 0 = (0,0,0,0) T ,  
and f ( x 0 ) = 0 .
The optimal solution (to five figures) is
x * = (0.11887,-0.39623,679.94,1026.0) T ,  
and f ( x * ) = 5126.4 . All the nonlinear constraints are active at the solution.
The use of the interface to e04ugc for this particular example is briefly illustrated below. First, note that because of the constraints on the definitions of nonlinear Jacobian variables and nonlinear objective variables in the interface to e04ugc, the first objective variables x 1 and x 2 are considered as nonlinear objective variables. Thus, nonln=4 , and there are njnln=2 nonlinear Jacobian variables ( x 1 and x 2 ). (The alternative would have consisted in reordering the problem to have nonln=2 nonlinear objective variables and njnln=4 nonlinear constraint variables, but, as mentioned earlier, it is preferable to keep the size of the nonlinear Jacobian (J) small, having nonln>njnln .)
The Jacobian matrix A is the m=6 × n=4 matrix below
A = ( conjac[0] conjac[3] −1 - 0 conjac[1] conjac[4] - 0 −1 conjac[2] conjac[5] - 0 - 0 −1 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 1 −1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 3 - 2 ) ,  
where zeros are not stored, each column represents a variable, each row a constraint (except the free row), and the conjac[i] entries reflect the structure of the Jacobian J corresponding to the nonlinear constraints. The first 3 rows correspond to the ncnln=3 nonlinear constraints, rows 4 and 5 define the 2 linear constraints and there is finally an iobj=6 th free row defining the linear part of the objective function, 3 x 3 + 2 x 4 .
A contains nnz=14 nonzero elements of which six entries define the structure of J . In this case all entries in J are defined in the supplied function confun and there is no constant value that we want to pass only once via A , so all entries in the corresponding array a corresponding to J can just be initialized to dummy values (here 1.0e+25 ). Effective Jacobian values will be provided in the argument conjac[i-1] , for i=1,2,,nnzjac, nnzjac=6 , in the function confun. Note also that in this simple example, J is indeed full; otherwise, the structure of A should reflect the sparsity of J .
This example includes source code to store the matrix A in the arrays a, ha, ka, based on the simple format from the data file.
Finally, the lower and upper bounds are defined by bl = (-0.55,-0.55,0.0,0.0,-894.6,-894.6,-1294.8,-0.55,-0.55,-1.0e+25) T , and bu = (0.55,0.55,1200.0,1200.0,-894.6,-894.6,-1294.8,1.0e+25,1.0e+25,1.0e+25) T .
The first n=4 elements of bl and bu are simple bounds on the variables; the next 3 elements are bounds on the nonlinear constraints; the next 2 elements are bounds on the linear constraints; and finally, the last (unbounded) element corresponds to the free row.
The options structure is declared and initialized by e04xxc. The options.crnames member is assigned to the array of character strings into which the column and row names were read and the options.major_iter member is assigned a value of 100. Two options are read from the data file by use of e04xyc. Note that, unlike for some other optimization functions, optional parameters to e04ugc are not checked inside e04xyc; they are checked inside the main call to e04ugc.
On return from e04ugc, the solution is perturbed slightly and some further options set, selecting a warm start and a reduced level of printout. e04ugc is then called for a second time. Finally, the memory freeing function e04xzc is used to free the memory assigned by e04ugc to the pointers in the options structure. You must not use the standard C function free() for this purpose.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (e04ugce.c)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (e04ugce.d)
Program Options (e04ugce.opt)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (e04ugce.r)

11 Further Description

e04ugc implements a Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) method that obtains search directions from a sequence of Quadratic Programming (QP) subproblems. This section gives a detailed description of the algorithms used by e04ugc. This, and possibly the next section, Section 12, may be omitted if the more sophisticated features of the algorithm and software are not currently of interest.

11.1 Overview

Here we briefly summarise the main features of the method and introduce some terminology. Where possible, explicit reference is made to the names of variables that are arguments of the function or appear in the printed output. Further details can be found in Gill et al. (2002).
At a solution of (1), some of the constraints will be active, i.e., satisfied exactly. Let
r (x) = ( x F (x) G x ) ,  
and G denote the set of indices of r (x) corresponding to active constraints at an arbitrary point x . Let r j (x) denote the usual derivative of r j (x) , which is the row vector of first partial derivatives of r j (x) (see Ortega and Rheinboldt (1970)). The vector r j (x) comprises the j th row of r (x) so that
r (x) = ( I J (x) G ) ,  
where J (x) is the Jacobian of F (x) .
A point x is a first-order Kuhn–Karesh–Tucker (KKT) point for (1) (see, e.g., Powell (1974)) if the following conditions hold:
  1. (a) x is feasible;
  2. (b)there exists a vector λ (the Lagrange multiplier vector for the bound and general constraints) such that
    g (x) = r (x)T λ = ( I J (x)T GT ) λ , (4)
    where g is the gradient of f evaluated at x ;
  3. (c)the Lagrange multiplier λ j associated with the j th constraint satisfies λ j = 0 if l j < r j (x) < u j ; λ j 0 if l j = r j (x) ; λ j 0 if r j (x) = u j ; and λ j can have any value if l j = u j .
An equivalent statement of the condition (4) is
ZT g (x) = 0 ,  
where Z is a matrix defined as follows. Consider the set N of vectors orthogonal to the gradients of the active constraints, i.e.,
N = {z r j (x)z=0  for all  jG} .  
The columns of Z may then be taken as any basis for the vector space N . The vector ZT g is termed the reduced gradient of f at x . Certain additional conditions must be satisfied in order for a first-order KKT point to be a solution of (1) (see, e.g., Powell (1974)).
The basic structure of e04ugc involves major and minor iterations. The major iterations generate a sequence of iterates { x k } that satisfy the linear constraints and converge to a point x * that satisfies the first-order KKT optimality conditions. At each iterate a QP subproblem is used to generate a search direction towards the next iterate ( x k+1 ) . The constraints of the subproblem are formed from the linear constraints Gx - s L = 0 and the nonlinear constraint linearization
F ( x k ) + F ( x k ) (x- x k ) - s N = 0 ,  
where F ( x k ) denotes the Jacobian matrix, whose rows are the first partial derivatives of F (x) evaluated at the point x k . The QP constraints, therefore, comprise the m linear constraints
F ( x k ) x - s N = -F ( x k ) + F ( x k ) x k , Gx - s L = 0 ,  
where x and s = ( s N , s L ) T are bounded above and below by u and l as before. If the m × n matrix A and m element vector b are defined as
A = ( F ( x k ) G )   and   b = ( -F ( x k ) + F ( x k ) x k 0 ) ,  
then the QP subproblem can be written as
minimize x,s q (x)   subject to   Ax - s = b ,   l { x s } u , (5)
where q (x) is a quadratic approximation to a modified Lagrangian function (see Gill et al. (2002)).
The linear constraint matrix A is stored in the arrays a, ha and ka (see Section 5). This allows you to specify the sparsity pattern of nonzero elements in F (x) and G , and identify any nonzero elements that remain constant throughout the minimization.
Solving the QP subproblem is itself an iterative procedure, with the minor iterations of an SQP method being the iterations of the QP method. At each minor iteration, the constraints Ax - s = b are (conceptually) partitioned into the form
Bx B + Sx S + Nx N = b ,  
where the basis matrix B is square and nonsingular. The elements of x B , x S and x N are called the basic, superbasic and nonbasic variables respectively; they are a permutation of the elements of x and s . At a QP solution, the basic and superbasic variables will lie somewhere between their bounds, while the nonbasic variables will be equal to one of their upper or lower bounds. At each minor iteration, x S is regarded as a set of independent variables that are free to move in any desired direction, namely one that will improve the value of the QP objective function q (x) or sum of infeasibilities (as appropriate). The basic variables are then adjusted in order to ensure that (x,s) continues to satisfy Ax - s = b . The number of superbasic variables ( n S say), therefore, indicates the number of degrees of freedom remaining after the constraints have been satisfied. In broad terms, n S is a measure of how nonlinear the problem is. In particular, n S will always be zero if there are no nonlinear constraints in (1) and f (x) is linear.
If it appears that no improvement can be made with the current definition of B , S and N , a nonbasic variable is selected to be added to S , and the process is repeated with the value of n S increased by one. At all stages, if a basic or superbasic variable encounters one of its bounds, the variable is made nonbasic and the value of n S decreased by one.
Associated with each of the m equality constraints Ax - s = b is a dual variable π i . Similarly, each variable in (x,s) has an associated reduced gradient d j (also known as a reduced cost). The reduced gradients for the variables x are the quantities g - AT π , where g is the gradient of the QP objective function q (x) ; and the reduced gradients for the slack variables s are the dual variables π . The QP subproblem (5) is optimal if d j 0 for all nonbasic variables at their lower bounds, d j 0 for all nonbasic variables at their upper bounds and d j = 0 for other variables (including superbasics). In practice, an approximate QP solution is found by slightly relaxing these conditions on d j (see the description of the optional parameter options.minor_opt_tol).
After a QP subproblem has been solved, new estimates of the solution to (1) are computed using a linesearch on the augmented Lagrangian merit function
M (x,s,π) = f (x) - π T (F(x)- s N ) + 1 2 (F(x)- s N ) T D (F(x)- s N ) , (6)
where D is a diagonal matrix of penalty parameters. If ( x k , s k , π k ) denotes the current estimate of the solution and ( x ^, s ^, π ^) denotes the optimal QP solution, the linesearch determines a step α k (where 0 < α k 1 ) such that the new point
( x k+1 s k+1 π k+1 ) = ( x k s k π k ) + α k ( x ^ k - x k s ^ k - s k π ^ k - π k )  
produces a sufficient decrease in the merit function (6). When necessary, the penalties in D are increased by the minimum-norm perturbation that ensures descent for M (see Gill et al. (1992)). As in e04ucc, s N is adjusted to minimize the merit function as a function of s prior to the solution of the QP subproblem. Further details can be found in Eldersveld (1991) and Gill et al. (1986).

11.2 Treatment of Constraint Infeasibilities

e04ugc makes explicit allowance for infeasible constraints. Infeasible linear constraints are detected first by solving a problem of the form
minimize x , v , w eT (v+w)   subject to   l { x G x - u + w } u ,   v 0 ,   w 0 , (7)
where e = (1,1,,1) T . This is equivalent to minimizing the sum of the general linear constraint violations subject to the simple bounds. (In the linear programming literature, the approach is often called elastic programming.)
If the linear constraints are infeasible (i.e., v0 or w0 ), the function terminates without computing the nonlinear functions.
If the linear constraints are feasible, all subsequent iterates will satisfy the linear constraints. (Such a strategy allows linear constraints to be used to define a region in which f (x) and F (x) can be safely evaluated.) The function proceeds to solve (1) as given, using search directions obtained from a sequence of QP subproblems (5). Each QP subproblem minimizes a quadratic model of a certain Lagrangian function subject to linearized constraints. An augmented Lagrangian merit function (6) is reduced along each search direction to ensure convergence from any starting point.
The function enters ‘elastic’ mode if the QP subproblem proves to be infeasible or unbounded (or if the dual variables π for the nonlinear constraints become ‘large’) by solving a problem of the form
minimize x , v , w f ¯ (x,v,w)   subject to   l { x F (x) - v + w G x } u ,   v 0 ,   w 0 , (8)
where
f ¯ (x,v,w) = f (x) + γ eT (v+w) (9)
is called a composite objective and γ is a non-negative argument (the elastic weight). If γ is sufficiently large, this is equivalent to minimizing the sum of the nonlinear constraint violations subject to the linear constraints and bounds. A similar l 1 formulation of (1) is fundamental to the S l 1 QP algorithm of Fletcher (1984). See also Conn (1973).

12 Optional Parameters

A number of optional input and output arguments to e04ugc are available through the structure argument options, type Nag_E04_Opt. An argument may be selected by assigning an appropriate value to the relevant structure member; those arguments not selected will be assigned default values. If no use is to be made of any of the optional parameters you should use the NAG defined null pointer, E04_DEFAULT, in place of options when calling e04ugc; the default settings will then be used for all arguments.
Before assigning values to options directly the structure must be initialized by a call to the function e04xxc. Values may then be assigned to the structure members in the normal C manner.
After return from e04ugc, the options structure may only be re-used for future calls of e04ugc if the dimensions of the new problem are the same. Otherwise, the structure must be cleared by a call of e04xzc) and re-initialized by a call of e04xxc before future calls. Failure to do this will result in unpredictable behaviour.
Option settings may also be read from a text file using the function e04xyc in which case initialization of the options structure will be performed automatically if not already done. Any subsequent direct assignment to the options structure must not be preceded by initialization.
If assignment of memory to pointers in the options structure is required, then this must be done directly in the calling program; they cannot be assigned using e04xyc.

12.1 Optional Parameter Checklist and Default Values

For easy reference, the following list shows the members of options which are valid for e04ugc together with their default values where relevant. The number ε is a generic notation for machine precision (see X02AJC).
Nag_Start start Nag_Cold
Boolean list Nag_TRUE
Boolean print_80ch Nag_TRUE
Nag_PrintType print_level Nag_Soln_Iter
Nag_PrintType minor_print_level Nag_NoPrint
Nag_DPrintType print_deriv Nag_D_Print
char outfile[512] stdout
char **crnames NULL
Boolean obj_deriv Nag_TRUE
Boolean con_deriv Nag_TRUE
Nag_GradChk verify_grad Nag_SimpleCheck
Integer obj_check_start 1
Integer obj_check_stop nonln
Integer con_check_start 1
Integer con_check_stop njnln
double f_diff_int options.f_prec
double c_diff_int options.f_prec 0.33
Nag_CrashType crash Nag_NoCrash or Nag_CrashThreeTimes
Integer expand_freq 10000
Integer factor_freq 50 or 100
Integer fcheck 60
Integer hess_freq 99999999
Integer hess_update 20
Integer iter_lim 10000
Integer major_iter_lim 1000
Integer minor_iter_lim 500
Integer part_price 1 or 10
Integer scale_opt 1 or 2
Integer max_sb min(500,n, n ¯ + 1 )
double crash_tol 0.1
double elastic_wt 1.0 or 100.0
double f_prec ε 0.8
double inf_bound 10 20
double linesearch_tol 0.9
double lu_den_tol 0.6
double lu_sing_tol ε 0.67
double lu_factor_tol 5.0 or 100.0
double lu_update_tol 5.0 or 10.0
double major_feas_tol ε
double major_opt_tol ε
double major_step_lim 2.0
double minor_feas_tol ε
double minor_opt_tol ε
double nz_coef 5.0
double pivot_tol ε 0.67
double scale_tol 0.9
double unbounded_obj 10 15
double inf_step max(options.inf_bound, 10 20 )
double violation_limit 10.0
Boolean deriv_linesearch Nag_TRUE
Boolean feas_exit Nag_FALSE
Nag_HessianType hess_storage Nag_HessianFull or Nag_HessianLimited
Nag_DirectionType direction Nag_Minimize
Integer *state size n+m
double *lambda size n+m
Integer iter
Integer major_iter
Integer nsb
Integer nf

12.2 Description of the Optional Parameters

start – Nag_Start Default =Nag_Cold
On entry: indicates how a starting basis is to be obtained.
If options.start=Nag_Cold, then an initial Crash procedure will be used to choose an initial basis.
If options.start=Nag_Warm, then you must provide a valid definition of the optional parameters options.state and options.nsb. (These may be the output of a previous call.)
A warm start will be advantageous if a good estimate of the initial working set is available – for example, when e04ugc is called repeatedly to solve related problems.
Constraint: options.start=Nag_Cold or Nag_Warm.
list – Nag_Boolean Default =Nag_TRUE
On entry: if options.list=Nag_TRUE the argument settings in the call to e04ugc will be printed. The actual options printed can vary depending on the problem type being solved.
print_80ch – Nag_Boolean Default =Nag_TRUE
On entry: controls the maximum length of each line of output produced by major and minor iterations and by the printing of the solution.
If options.print_80ch=Nag_TRUE (the default), then a maximum of 80 characters per line is printed.
If options.print_80ch=Nag_FALSE , then a maximum of 120 characters per line is printed.
(See also options.print_level and options.minor_print_level below.)
print_level – Nag_PrintType Default =Nag_Soln_Iter
On entry: the level of results printout produced by e04ugc at each major iteration, as indicated below. A detailed description of the printed output is given in Section 12.3. (See also options.minor_print_level, below.)
Nag_NoPrint No output.
Nag_Soln The final solution only.
Nag_Iter One line of output for each major iteration (no printout of the final solution).
Nag_Soln_Iter The final solution and one line of output for each iteration.
Nag_Soln_Iter_Full The final solution, one line of output for each major iteration, matrix statistics (initial status of rows and columns, number of elements, density, biggest and smallest elements, etc.), details of the scale factors resulting from the scaling procedure (if options.scale_opt=1 or 2; see below), basis factorization statistics and details of the initial basis resulting from the Crash procedure (if options.start=Nag_Cold and options.crashNag_NoCrash).
Note that the output for each line of major iteration and for the solution printout contains a maximum of 80 characters if options.print_80ch=Nag_TRUE , and a maximum of 120 characters otherwise. However, if options.print_level=Nag_Soln_Iter_Full, some printout may exceed 80 characters even when options.print_80ch=Nag_TRUE .
Constraint: options.print_level=Nag_NoPrint, Nag_Soln, Nag_Iter, Nag_Soln_Iter or Nag_Soln_Iter_Full.
minor_print_level – Nag_PrintType Default =Nag_NoPrint
On entry: controls the amount of printout produced by the minor iterations of e04ugc (i.e., the iterations of the quadratic programming algorithm), as indicated below. A detailed description of the printed output is given in Section 9.1 (default output at each iteration) and in Section 12.3. (See also options.print_level.)
If options.minor_print_level=Nag_NoPrint, no output is produced.
If options.minor_print_level=Nag_Iter, the following output is produced for each minor iteration:
Constraint: options.minor_print_level=Nag_NoPrint or Nag_Iter.
print_deriv – Nag_DPrintType Default =Nag_D_Print
On entry: controls whether the results of any derivative checking are printed out (see also the optional parameter options.verify_grad).
If a component derivative check has been carried out, then full details will be printed if options.print_deriv=Nag_D_Print. If only a simple derivative check is requested, Nag_D_Print will produce a statement indicating failure or success. To prevent any printout from a derivative check, set options.print_deriv=Nag_D_NoPrint.
Constraint: options.print_deriv=Nag_D_NoPrint or Nag_D_Print.
outfile – const char[512] Default = stdout
On entry: the name of the file to which results should be printed. If options.outfile[0] = ' \0 ' then the stdout stream is used.
crnames – char ** Default = NULL
On entry: if options.crnames is not NULL then it must point to an array of n+m character strings with maximum string length 8, containing the names of the columns and rows (i.e., variables and constraints) of the problem. Thus, options.crnames[j-1] contains the name of the j th column (variable), for j=1,2,,n, and options.crnames[ n + i - 1 ] contains the names of the i th row (constraint), for i=1,2,,m. If supplied, the names are used in the solution output (see Section 9.1 and Section 12.3).
Constraint: options.crnames = NULL ​ or ​ strlen (options.crnames[i-1]) 8 , for i=1,2,,n+m.
obj_deriv – Nag_Boolean Default =Nag_TRUE
On entry: this argument indicates whether all elements of the objective gradient are provided in function objfun. If none or only some of the elements are being supplied by objfun then options.obj_deriv should be set to Nag_FALSE.
Whenever possible all elements should be supplied, since e04ugc is more reliable and will usually be more efficient when all derivatives are exact.
If options.obj_deriv=Nag_FALSE , e04ugc will approximate unspecified elements of the objective gradient using finite differences. The computation of finite difference approximations usually increases the total run-time, since a call to objfun is required for each unspecified element. Furthermore, less accuracy can be attained in the solution (see Chapter 8 of Gill et al. (2002), for a discussion of limiting accuracy).
At times, central differences are used rather than forward differences, in which case twice as many calls to objfun are needed. (The switch to central differences is not under your control.)
con_deriv – Nag_Boolean Default =Nag_TRUE
On entry: this argument indicates whether all elements of the constraint Jacobian are provided in function confun (or possibly directly in a for constant elements). If none or only some of the derivatives are being supplied then options.con_deriv should be set to Nag_FALSE.
Whenever possible all elements should be supplied, since e04ugc is more reliable and will usually be more efficient when all derivatives are exact.
If options.con_deriv=Nag_FALSE , e04ugc will approximate unspecified elements of the constraint Jacobian. One call to confun will be needed for each variable for which partial derivatives are not available. For example, if the sparsity of the constraint Jacobian has the form
( * * * ? ? * ? * * )  
where ‘ * ’ indicates a provided element and ‘? ’ indicates an unspecified element, e04ugc will call confun twice: once to estimate the missing element in column 2, and again once to estimate the two missing elements in column 3. (Since columns 1 and 4 are known, they require no calls to confun.)
At times, central differences are used rather than forward differences, in which case twice as many calls to confun are needed. (The switch to central differences is not under your control.)
verify_grad – Nag_GradChk Default =Nag_SimpleCheck
On entry: specifies the level of derivative checking to be performed by e04ugc on the gradient elements computed by the user-supplied functions objfun and confun. Gradients are verified at the first point that satisfies the linear constraints and the upper and lower bounds. Unspecified gradient elements are not checked, and hence they result in no overhead.
The following values are available:
Nag_NoCheck No derivative checking is performed.
Nag_SimpleCheck Only a cheap test is performed, requiring three calls to objfun and two calls to confun. Note that no checks are carried out if every column of the constraint gradients (Jacobian) contains a missing element.
Nag_CheckObj Individual objective gradient elements will be checked using a reliable (but more expensive) test. If options.print_deriv=Nag_D_Print, a key of the form OK or BAD? indicates whether or not each element appears to be correct.
Nag_CheckCon Individual columns or the constraint gradient (Jacobian) will be checked using a reliable (but more expensive) test. If options.print_deriv=Nag_D_Print, a key of the form OK or BAD? indicates whether or not each element appears to be correct.
Nag_CheckObjCon Check both constraint and objective gradients (in that order) as described for Nag_CheckCon and Nag_CheckObj (respectively).
This component check will be made in the range specified by the optional parameters options.obj_check_start and options.obj_check_stop for the objective gradient, with default values 1 and nonln, respectively. For the constraint gradient the range is specified by options.con_check_start and options.con_check_stop, with default values 1 and njnln.
Constraint: options.verify_grad=Nag_NoCheck, Nag_SimpleCheck, Nag_CheckObj, Nag_CheckCon or Nag_CheckObjCon.
obj_check_start – Integer Default =1
obj_check_stop – Integer Default =nonln
These options take effect only when options.verify_grad=Nag_CheckObj or Nag_CheckObjCon.
On entry: these arguments may be used to control the verification of gradient elements computed by the function objfun. For example, if the first 30 elements of the objective gradient appear to be correct in an earlier run, so that only element 31 remains questionable, it is reasonable to specify options.obj_check_start=31 .
Constraint: 1 options.obj_check_start options.obj_check_stop nonln .
con_check_start – Integer Default =1
con_check_stop – Integer Default =njnln
These options take effect only when options.verify_grad=Nag_CheckCon or Nag_CheckObjCon.
On entry: these arguments may be used to control the verification of the Jacobian elements computed by the function confun. For example, if the first 30 columns of the constraint Jacobian appeared to be correct in an earlier run, so that only column 31 remains questionable, it is reasonable to specify options.con_check_start=31 .
Constraint: 1 options.con_check_start options.con_check_stop njnln .
f_diff_int – double Default = options.f_prec
This option does not apply when both options.obj_deriv and options.con_deriv are true.
On entry: options.f_diff_int defines an interval used to estimate derivatives by finite differences in the following circumstances:
  1. (a)For verifying the objective and/or constraint gradients (see the description of the optional parameter options.verify_grad).
  2. (b)For estimating unspecified elements of the objective and/or the constraint Jacobian matrix.
Using the notation r=options.f_diff_int , a derivative with respect to x j is estimated by perturbing that element of x to the value x j + r (1+| x j |) , and then evaluating f (x) and/or F (x) (as appropriate) at the perturbed point. If the functions are well scaled, the resulting derivative approximation should be accurate to O (r) . Judicious alteration of options.f_diff_int may sometimes lead to greater accuracy. See Gill et al. (1981) for a discussion of the accuracy in finite difference approximations.
Constraint: ε options.f_diff_int < 1.0 .
c_diff_int – double Default = options.f_prec 0.33
This option does not apply when both options.obj_deriv and options.con_deriv are true.
On entry: options.c_diff_int is used near an optimal solution in order to obtain more accurate (but more expensive) estimates of gradients. This requires twice as many function evaluations as compared to using forward difference (see the optional parameter options.f_diff_int). Using the notation r=options.c_diff_int , the interval used for the j th variable is h j = r (1+| x j |) . If the functions are well scaled, the resultant gradient estimates should be accurate to O ( r 2 ) . The switch to central differences (not under user-control) is indicated by C at the end of each line of intermediate printout produced by the major iterations (see Section 12.3). The use of finite differences is discussed under the option options.f_diff_int.
Constraint: ε options.c_diff_int < 1.0 .
crash – Nag_CrashType Default =Nag_NoCrash or Nag_CrashThreeTimes
This option does not apply when options.start=Nag_Warm.
On entry: the default value of options.crash=Nag_NoCrash if there are any nonlinear constraints, and options.crash=Nag_CrashThreeTimes otherwise.
If options.start=Nag_Cold, an internal Crash procedure is used to select an initial basis from the various rows and columns of the constraint matrix ( A -I ) . The value of options.crash determines which rows and columns of A are initially eligible for the basis, and how many times the Crash procedure is called. Columns of -I are used to pad the basis where necessary. The possible choices for options.crash are as follows:
Nag_NoCrash The initial basis contains only slack variables: B=I .
Nag_CrashOnce The Crash procedure is called once (looking for a triangular basis in all rows and columns of A ).
Nag_CrashTwice The Crash procedure is called twice (if there are any nonlinear constraints). The first call looks for a triangular basis in linear rows, and the iteration proceeds with simplex iterations until the linear constraints are satisfied. The Jacobian is then evaluated for the first major iteration and the Crash procedure is called again to find a triangular basis in the nonlinear rows (whilst retaining the current basis for linear rows).
Nag_CrashThreeTimes The Crash procedure is called up to three times (if there are any nonlinear constraints). The first two calls treat linear equality constraints and linear inequality constraints separately. The Jacobian is then evaluated for the first major iteration and the Crash procedure is called again to find a triangular basis in the nonlinear rows (whilst retaining the current basis for linear rows).
If options.crashNag_NoCrash, certain slacks on inequality rows are selected for the basis first. (If options.crash=Nag_CrashTwice or Nag_CrashThreeTimes, numerical values are used to exclude slacks that are close to a bound.) The Crash procedure then makes several passes through the columns of A , searching for a basis matrix that is essentially triangular. A column is assigned to ‘pivot’ on a particular row if the column contains a suitably large element in a row that has not yet been assigned. (The pivot elements ultimately form the diagonals of the triangular basis.) For remaining unassigned rows, slack variables are inserted to complete the basis.
Constraint: options.crash=Nag_NoCrash, Nag_CrashOnce, Nag_CrashTwice or Nag_CrashThreeTimes.
expand_freq – Integer Default =10000
On entry: this option is part of the EXPAND anti-cycling procedure due to Gill et al. (1989), which is designed to make progress even on highly degenerate problems.
For linear models, the strategy is to force a positive step at every iteration, at the expense of violating the constraints by a small amount. Suppose that the value of options.minor_feas_tol (see below) is δ . Over a period of options.expand_freq iterations, the feasibility tolerance actually used by e04ugc (i.e., the working feasibility tolerance) increases from 0.5 to δ (in steps of 0.5 δ / options.expand_freq).
For nonlinear models, the same procedure is used for iterations in which there is only one superbasic variable. (Cycling can only occur when the current solution is at a vertex of the feasible region.) Thus, zero steps are allowed if there is more than one superbasic variable, but otherwise positive steps are enforced.
Increasing the value of options.expand_freq helps reduce the number of slightly infeasible nonbasic basic variables (most of which are eliminated during the resetting procedure). However, it also diminishes the freedom to choose a large pivot element (see options.pivot_tol below).
If options.expand_freq=0 , the value 99999999 is used and effectively no anti-cycling procedure is invoked.
Constraint: options.expand_freq0 .
factor_freq – Integer Default =50 or 100
On entry: options.factor_freq specifies the maximum number of basis changes that will occur between factorizations of the basis matrix. The default value of options.factor_freq is 50 if there are any nonlinear constraints, and 100 otherwise.
For linear problems, the basis factors are usually updated at every iteration. The default value options.factor_freq=100 is reasonable for typical problems, particularly those that are extremely sparse and well-scaled.
When the objective function is nonlinear, fewer basis updates will occur as the solution is approached. The number of iterations between basis factorizations will, therefore, increase. During these iterations a test is made regularly according to the value of the optional parameter options.fcheck (see below) to ensure that the general constraints are satisfied. If necessary, the basis will be refactorized before the limit of options.factor_freq updates is reached.
Constraint: options.factor_freq0 .
fcheck – Integer Default =60
On entry: every options.fcheckth iteration after the most recent basis iteration, a numerical test is made to see if the current solution (x,s) satisfies the general linear constraints (including any linearized nonlinear constraints). The constraints are of the form A x - s = b , where s is the set of slack variables. If the largest element of the residual vector r = b - A x + s is judged to be too large, the current basis is refactorized and the basic variables recomputed to satisfy the general constraints more accurately. If options.fcheck=0 , the value options.fcheck=99999999 is used and effectively no checks are made.
Constraint: options.fcheck0 .
hess_freq – Integer Default =99999999
This option only takes effect when options.hess_storage=Nag_HessianFull.
On entry: this option forces the approximate Hessian formed from options.hess_freq BFGS updates to be reset to the identity matrix upon completion of a major iteration.
Constraint: options.hess_freq>0 .
hess_update – Integer Default =20
This option only takes effect when options.hess_storage=Nag_HessianLimited.
On entry: if options.hess_storage=Nag_HessianLimited (see below), this option defines the maximum number of pairs of Hessian update vectors that are to be used to define the quasi-Newton approximate Hessian. Once the limit of options.hess_update updates is reached, all but the diagonal elements of the accumulated updates are discarded and the process starts again. Broadly speaking, the more updates that are stored, the better the quality of the approximate Hessian. On the other hand, the more vectors that are stored, the greater the cost of each QP iteration.
The default value of options.hess_update is likely to give a robust algorithm without significant expense, but faster convergence may often be obtained with far fewer updates (e.g., options.hess_update=5 ).
Constraint: options.hess_update0 .
iter_lim – Integer Default =10000
On entry: specifies the maximum number of minor iterations allowed (i.e., iterations of the simplex method or the QP algorithm), summed over all major iterations. (See also options.major_iter_lim and options.minor_iter_lim below.)
Constraint: options.iter_lim>0 .
major_iter_lim – Integer Default =1000
On entry: specifies the maximum number of major iterations allowed before termination. It is intended to guard against an excessive number of linearizations of the nonlinear constraints. Setting options.major_iter_lim=0 and options.print_deriv=Nag_D_Print means that the objective and constraint gradients will be checked if options.verify_gradNag_NoCheck, but no iterations will be performed.
Constraint: options.major_iter_lim0 .
minor_iter_lim – Integer Default =500
On entry: specifies the maximum number of iterations allowed between successive linearizations of the nonlinear constraints. A value in the range 10 i 50 prevents excessive effort being expended on early major iterations, but allows later QP subproblems to be solved to completion. Note that an extra m minor iterations are allowed if the first QP subproblem to be solved starts with the all-slack basis B=I . (See options.crash.)
In general, it is unsafe to specify values as small as 1 or 2 (because even when an optimal solution has been reached, a few minor iterations may be needed for the corresponding QP subproblem to be recognised as optimal).
Constraint: options.minor_iter_lim0 .
part_price – Integer Default =1 or 10
On entry: this option is recommended for large problems that have significantly more variables than constraints (i.e., nm ). The default value of options.part_price is 1 if there are any nonlinear constraints, and 10 otherwise. It reduces the work required for each ‘pricing’ operation (i.e., when a nonbasic variable is selected to become superbasic). The possible choices for options.part_price are the following.
options.part_price Meaning
1 All columns of the constraint matrix ( A -I ) are searched.
2 Both A and I are partitioned to give options.part_price roughly equal segments A j , I j , for j=1,2,,p (modulo p ). If the previous pricing search was successful on A j , I j , the next search begins on the segments A j+1 , I j+1 . If a reduced gradient is found that is larger than some dynamic tolerance, the variable with the largest such reduced gradient (of appropriate sign) is selected to enter the basis. If nothing is found, the search continues on the next segments A j+2 , I j+2 , and so on.
Constraint: options.part_price>0 .
scale_opt – Integer Default =1 or 2
On entry: the default value of options.scale_opt is 1 if there are any nonlinear constraints, and 2 otherwise. This option enables you to scale the variables and constraints using an iterative procedure due to Fourer (1982), which attempts to compute row scales r i and column scales c j such that the scaled matrix coefficients a ¯ ij = a ij × ( c j / r i ) are as close as possible to unity. (The lower and upper bounds on the variables and slacks for the scaled problem are redefined as l ¯ j = l j / c j and u ¯ j = u j / c j respectively, where c j r j-n if j>n .) The possible choices for options.scale_opt are the following.
options.scale_opt Meaning
0 No scaling is performed. This is recommended if it is known that the elements of x and the constraint matrix A (along with its Jacobian) never become large (say, > 1000 ).
1 All linear constraints and variables are scaled. This may improve the overall efficiency of the function on some problems.
2 All constraints and variables are scaled. Also, an additional scaling is performed that takes into account columns of ( A -I ) that are fixed or have positive lower bounds or negative upper bounds.
If there are any nonlinear constraints present, the scale factors depend on the Jacobian at the first point that satisfies the linear constraints and the upper and lower bounds. The setting options.scale_opt=2 should, therefore, be used only if a ‘good’ starting point is available and the problem is not highly nonlinear.
Constraint: options.scale_opt=0, 1 or 2.
max_sb – Integer Default = min(500,n, n ¯ + 1 )
This option does not apply to linear problems.
On entry: options.max_sb places a limit on the storage allocated for superbasic variables. Ideally, the value of options.max_sb should be set slightly larger than the ‘number of degrees of freedom’ expected at the solution.
For nonlinear problems, the number of degrees of freedom is often called the ‘number of independent variables’. Normally, the value of options.max_sb need not be greater than n ¯ + 1 (where n ¯ = max(nonln,njnln) ), but for many problems it may be considerably smaller. (This will save storage if n ¯ is very large.)
Constraint: options.max_sb>0 .
crash_tol – double Default =0.1
On entry: this option allows the Crash procedure to ignore certain ‘small’ nonzero elements in the columns of A while searching for a triangular basis. If a max is the largest element in the j th column, other nonzeros a ij in the column are ignored if | a ij | a max × options.crash_tol.
When options.crash_tol>0 , the basis obtained by the Crash procedure may not be strictly triangular, but it is likely to be nonsingular and almost triangular. The intention is to obtain a starting basis containing more columns of A and fewer (arbitrary) slacks. A feasible solution may be reached earlier on some problems.
Constraint: 0.0 options.crash_tol < 1.0 .
elastic_wt – double Default =1.0 or 100.0
On entry: this option defines the initial weight γ associated with problem (8). The default value of options.elastic_wt is 100.0 if there are any nonlinear constraints, and 1.0 otherwise.
At any given major iteration k , elastic mode is entered if the QP subproblem is infeasible or the QP dual variables (Lagrange multipliers) are larger in magnitude than options.elastic_wt × (1+ g( x k ) 2 ) , where g is the objective gradient. In either case, the QP subproblem is re-solved in elastic mode with γ = options.elastic_wt × (1+ g( x k ) 2 ) .
Constraint: options.elastic_wt0.0 .
f_prec – double Default = ε 0.8
On entry: this option defines the relative function precision ε R , which is intended to be a measure of the relative accuracy with which the nonlinear functions can be computed. For example, if f (x) (or F i (x) ) is computed as 1000.56789 for some relevant x and the first 6 significant digits are known to be correct, the appropriate value for ε R would be 10 −6 .
Ideally the functions f (x) or F i (x) should have magnitude of order 1. If all functions are substantially less than 1 in magnitude, ε R should be the absolute precision. For example, if f (x) (or F i (x) ) is computed as 1.23456789 × 10 −4 for some relevant x and the first 6 significant digits are known to be correct, the appropriate value for ε R would be 10 −10 .
The choice of ε R can be quite complicated for badly scaled problems; see Chapter 8 of Gill et al. (1981) for a discussion of scaling techniques. The default value is appropriate for most simple functions that are computed with full accuracy.
In some cases the function values will be the result of extensive computation, possibly involving an iterative procedure that can provide few digits of precision at reasonable cost. Specifying an appropriate value of options.f_prec may, therefore, lead to savings, by allowing the linesearch procedure to terminate when the difference between function values along the search direction becomes as small as the absolute error in the values.
Constraint: ε options.f_prec < 1.0 .
inf_bound – double Default = 10 20
On entry: options.inf_bound defines the ‘infinite’ bound in the definition of the problem constraints. Any upper bound greater than or equal to options.inf_bound will be regarded as + (and similarly any lower bound less than or equal to -options.inf_bound will be regarded as - ).
Constraint: options.inf_bound>0.0 .
linesearch_tol – double Default =0.9
On entry: this option controls the accuracy with which a steplength will be located along the direction of search at each iteration. At the start of each linesearch a target directional derivative for the Lagrangian merit function is identified. The value of options.linesearch_tol, therefore, determines the accuracy to which this target value is approximated.
The default value options.linesearch_tol=0.9 requests an inaccurate search, and is appropriate for most problems, particularly those with any nonlinear constraints.
If the nonlinear functions are cheap to evaluate, a more accurate search may be appropriate; try options.linesearch_tol=0.1 , 0.01 or 0.001. The number of major iterations required to solve the problem might decrease.
If the nonlinear functions are expensive to evaluate, a less accurate search may be appropriate. If all derivatives are available (options.con_deriv and options.obj_deriv are both true), try options.linesearch_tol=0.99 . (The number of major iterations required to solve the problem might increase, but the total number of function evaluations may decrease enough to compensate.)
If some derivatives are not available (at least one of options.con_deriv or options.obj_deriv is false), a moderately accurate search may be appropriate; try options.linesearch_tol=0.5 . Each search will (typically) require only 1-5 function values, but many function calls will then be needed to estimate the missing gradients for the next iteration.
Constraint: 0.0 options.linesearch_tol < 1.0 .
lu_den_tol – double Default =0.6
On entry: this option defines the density tolerance used during the LU factorization of the basis matrix. Columns of L and rows of U are formed one at a time, and the remaining rows and columns of the basis are altered appropriately. At any stage, if the density of the remaining matrix exceeds options.lu_den_tol, the Markowitz strategy for choosing pivots is terminated. The remaining matrix is then factorized using a dense LU procedure. Increasing the value of options.lu_den_tol towards unity may give slightly sparser LU factors, with a slight increase in factorization time.
Constraint: options.lu_den_tol0.0 .
lu_sing_tol – double Default = ε 0.67
On entry: this option defines the singularity tolerance used to guard against ill-conditioned basis matrices. Whenever the basis is refactorized, the diagonal elements of U are tested as follows. If | u jj | options.lu_sing_tol or | u jj | < options.lu_sing_tol × max i | u ij | , the j th column of the basis is replaced by the corresponding slack variable. This is most likely to occur when options.start=Nag_Warm, or at the start of a major iteration.
In some cases, the Jacobian matrix may converge to values that make the basis exactly singular (e.g., a whole row of the Jacobian matrix could be zero at an optimal solution). Before exact singularity occurs, the basis could become very ill-conditioned and the optimization could progress very slowly (if at all). Setting options.lu_sing_tol=0.00001 (say) may, therefore, help cause a judicious change of basis in such situations.
Constraint: options.lu_sing_tol>0.0 .
lu_factor_tol – double Default =5.0 or 100.0
lu_update_tol – double Default =5.0 or 10.0
On entry: options.lu_factor_tol and options.lu_update_tol affect the stability and sparsity of the basis factorization B = LU , during refactorization and updates respectively. The default values are options.lu_factor_tol = options.lu_update_tol = 5.0 if there are any nonlinear constraints, and options.lu_factor_tol=100.0 and options.lu_update_tol=10.0 otherwise.
The lower triangular matrix L can be seen as a product of matrices of the form
( 1 μ 1 )  
where the multipliers μ satisfy |μ| < options.lu_factor_tol during refactorization or |μ| < options.lu_update_tol during update. The default values of options.lu_factor_tol and options.lu_update_tol usually strike a good compromise between stability and sparsity. Smaller values of options.lu_factor_tol and options.lu_update_tol favour stability, while larger values favour sparsity. For large and relatively dense problems, setting options.lu_factor_tol to 10.0 or 5.0 (say) may give a marked improvement in sparsity without impairing stability to a serious degree. Note that for problems involving band matrices it may be necessary to reduce options.lu_factor_tol and/or options.lu_update_tol in order to achieve stability.
Constraints:
major_feas_tol – double Default = ε
On entry: this option specifies how accurately the nonlinear constraints should be satisfied. The default value is appropriate when the linear and nonlinear constraints contain data to approximately that accuracy. A larger value may be appropriate if some of the problem functions are known to be of low accuracy.
Let rowerr be defined as the maximum nonlinear constraint violation normalized by the size of the solution. It is required to satisfy
rowerr = max i viol i (x,s) options.major_feas_tol ,  
where viol i is the violation of the i th nonlinear constraint.
Constraint: options.major_feas_tol>ε .
major_opt_tol – double Default = ε
On entry: this option specifies the final accuracy of the dual variables. If e04ugc terminates with fail.code=NE_NOERROR , a primal and dual solution (x,s,π) will have been computed such that
maxgap = max j gap j π options.major_opt_tol ,  
where gap j is an estimate of the complementarity gap for the j th variable and π is a measure of the size of the QP dual variables (or Lagrange multipliers) given by
π = max( σ m ,1) ,   where   σ = i=1 m | π i | .  
It is included to make the tests independent of a scale factor on the objective function. Specifically, gap j is computed from the final QP solution using the reduced gradients d j = g j - π T a j , where g j is the j th element of the objective gradient and a j is the associated column of the constraint matrix ( A -I ) :
gap j = { - d j min( x j - l j ,1) if   d j 0; - d j min( u j - x j ,1) if   d j < 0.  
Constraint: options.major_opt_tol>0.0 .
major_step_lim – double Default =2.0
On entry: this option limits the change in x during a linesearch. It applies to all nonlinear problems once a ‘feasible solution’ or ‘feasible subproblem’ has been found.
A linesearch determines a step α in the interval 0 < α β , where β=1 if there are any nonlinear constraints, or the step to the nearest upper or lower bound on x if all the constraints are linear. Normally, the first step attempted is α 1 = min(1,β) .
In some cases, such as f (x) = ae bx or f (x) = ax b , even a moderate change in the elements of x can lead to floating-point overflow. The optional parameter options.major_step_lim is, therefore, used to define a step limit β ¯ given by
β ¯ = options.major_step_lim (1+ x 2 ) p 2 ,  
where p is the search direction and the first evaluation of f (x) is made at the (potentially) smaller step length α 1 = min(1, β ¯,β) .
Wherever possible, upper and lower bounds on x should be used to prevent evaluation of nonlinear functions at meaningless points. options.major_step_lim provides an additional safeguard. The default value options.major_step_lim=2.0 should not affect progress on well-behaved functions, but values such as options.major_step_lim=0.1 or 0.01 may be helpful when rapidly varying functions are present. If a small value of options.major_step_lim is selected, a ‘good’ starting point may be required. An important application is to the class of nonlinear least squares problems.
Constraint: options.major_step_lim>0.0 .
minor_feas_tol – double Default = ε
On entry: this option attempts to ensure that all variables eventually satisfy their upper and lower bounds to within the tolerance options.minor_feas_tol. Since this includes slack variables, general linear constraints should also be satisfied to within options.minor_feas_tol. Note that feasibility with respect to nonlinear constraints is judged by the value of options.major_feas_tol and not by options.minor_feas_tol.
If the bounds and linear constraints cannot be satisfied to within options.minor_feas_tol, the problem is declared infeasible. Let Sinf be the corresponding sum of infeasibilities. If Sinf is quite small, it may be appropriate to raise options.minor_feas_tol by a factor of 10 or 100. Otherwise, some error in the data should be suspected.
If options.scale_opt1 , feasibility is defined in terms of the scaled problem (since it is more likely to be meaningful).
Nonlinear functions will only be evaluated at points that satisfy the bounds and linear constraints. If there are regions where a function is undefined, every effort should be made to eliminate these regions from the problem. For example, if f ( x 1 , x 2 ) = x 1 + log( x 2 ) , it is essential to place lower bounds on both x 1 and x 2 . If the value options.minor_feas_tol = 10 −6 is used, the bounds x 1 10 −5 and x 2 10 −4 might be appropriate. (The log singularity is more serious; in general, you should attempt to keep x as far away from singularities as possible.)
In reality, options.minor_feas_tol is used as a feasibility tolerance for satisfying the bounds on x and s in each QP subproblem. If the sum of infeasibilities cannot be reduced to zero, the QP subproblem is declared infeasible and the function is then in elastic mode thereafter (with only the linearized nonlinear constraints defined to be elastic). (See also options.elastic_wt.)
Constraint: options.minor_feas_tol>ε .
minor_opt_tol – double Default = ε
On entry: this option is used to judge optimality for each QP subproblem. Let the QP reduced gradients be d j = g j - π T a j , where g j is the j th element of the QP gradient, a j is the associated column of the QP constraint matrix and π is the set of QP dual variables.
By construction, the reduced gradients for basic variables are always zero. The QP subproblem will be declared optimal if the reduced gradients for nonbasic variables at their upper or lower bounds satisfy
d j π -options.minor_opt_tol   or   d j π options.minor_opt_tol  
respectively, and if | d j | π options.minor_opt_tol for superbasic variables.
Note that π is a measure of the size of the dual variables. It is included to make the tests independent of a scale factor on the objective function. (The value of π actually used is defined in the description of the optional parameter options.major_opt_tol.)
If the objective is scaled down to be very small, the optimality test reduces to comparing d j against options.minor_opt_tol.
Constraint: options.minor_opt_tol>0.0 .
nz_coef – double Default =5.0
This option is ignored if options.hess_storage=Nag_HessianFull.
On entry: options.nz_coef defines how much memory is initially allocated for the basis factors: by default, e04ugc allocates approximatively nnz×options.nz_coef reals and 2 × nnz × options.nz_coef integers in order to compute and store the basis factors. If at some point this appears not to be enough, an internal warm restart with more memory is automatically attempted, so that e04ugc should complete anyway. Thus this option generally does not need to be modified.
However, if a lot of memory is available, it is possible to increase the value of options.nz_coef such as to limit the number of compressions of the work space and possibly avoid internal restarts. On the other hand, for large problems where memory might be critical, decreasing the value of options.nz_coef can sometimes save some memory.
Constraint: options.nz_coef1.0 .
pivot_tol – double Default = ε 0.67
On entry: this option is used during the solution of QP subproblems to prevent columns entering the basis if they would cause the basis to become almost singular.
When x changes to x + α p for some specified search direction p , a ‘ratio test’ is used to determine which element of x reaches an upper or lower bound first. The corresponding element of p is called the pivot element. Elements of p are ignored (and, therefore, cannot be pivot elements) if they are smaller than options.pivot_tol.
It is common in practice for two (or more) variables to reach a bound at essentially the same time. In such cases, the optional parameter options.minor_feas_tol provides some freedom to maximize the pivot element and thereby improve numerical stability. Excessively small values of options.minor_feas_tol should, therefore, not be specified. To a lesser extent, the optional parameter options.expand_freq also provides some freedom to maximize the pivot element. Excessively large values of options.expand_freq should, therefore, not be specified.
Constraint: options.pivot_tol>0.0 .
scale_tol – double Default =0.9
On entry: this option is used to control the number of scaling passes to be made through the constraint matrix A . At least 3 (and at most 10) passes will be made. More precisely, let a p denote the largest column ratio (i.e., ' biggest ' ​ element ' smallest ' ​ element in some sense) after the p th scaling pass through A . The scaling procedure is terminated if a p a p-1 × options.scale_tol for some p3 . Thus, increasing the value of options.scale_tol from 0.9 to 0.99 (say) will probably increase the number of passes through A .
Constraint: 0.0 < options.scale_tol < 1.0 .
unbounded_obj – double Default = 10 15
inf_step – double Default = max(options.inf_bound, 10 20 )
On entry: these options are intended to detect unboundedness in nonlinear problems. During the linesearch, the objective function f is evaluated at points of the form x + α p , where x and p are fixed and α varies. If |f| exceeds options.unbounded_obj or α exceeds options.inf_step, the iterations are terminated and the function returns with fail.code=NE_MAYBE_UNBOUNDED .
If singularities are present, unboundedness in f (x) may manifest itself by a floating-point overflow during the evaluation of f (x+αp) , before the test against options.unbounded_obj can be made.
Unboundedness in x is best avoided by placing finite upper and lower bounds on the variables.
Constraints:
violation_limit – double Default =10.0
On entry: this option defines an absolute limit on the magnitude of the maximum constraint violation after the linesearch. Upon completion of the linesearch, the new iterate x k+1 satisfies the condition
v i ( x k+1 ) options.violation_limit × max(1, v i ( x 0 ) ) ,  
where x 0 is the point at which the nonlinear constraints are first evaluated and v i (x) is the i th nonlinear constraint violation v i (x) = max(0, l i-F i-F i (x) , F i (x) - u i ) .
The effect of the violation limit is to restrict the iterates to lie in an expanded feasible region whose size depends on the magnitude of options.violation_limit. This makes it possible to keep the iterates within a region where the objective function is expected to be well-defined and bounded below (or above in the case of maximization). If the objective function is bounded below (or above in the case of maximization) for all values of the variables, then options.violation_limit may be any large positive value.
Constraint: options.violation_limit>0.0 .
deriv_linesearch – Nag_Boolean Default =Nag_TRUE
On entry: at each major iteration, a linesearch is used to improve the value of the Lagrangian merit function (6). The default linesearch uses safeguarded cubic interpolation and requires both function and gradient values in order to compute estimates of the step α k . If some analytic derivatives are not provided or options.deriv_linesearch=Nag_FALSE is specified, a linesearch based upon safeguarded quadratic interpolation (which does not require the evaluation or approximation of any gradients) is used instead.
A nonderivative linesearch can be slightly less robust on difficult problems, and it is recommended that the default be used if the functions and their derivatives can be computed at approximately the same cost. If the gradients are very expensive to compute relative to the functions however, a nonderivative linesearch may result in a significant decrease in the total run-time.
If options.deriv_linesearch=Nag_FALSE is selected, e04ugc signals the evaluation of the linesearch by calling objfun and confun with commflag = 0 . Once the linesearch is complete, the nonlinear functions are re-evaluated with commflag = 2 . If the potential savings offered by a nonderivative linesearch are to be fully realised, it is essential that objfun and confun be coded so that no derivatives are computed when commflag = 0 .
Constraint: options.deriv_linesearch=Nag_TRUE ​ or ​ Nag_FALSE .
feas_exit – Nag_Boolean Default =Nag_FALSE
This option is ignored if the value of options.major_iter_lim is exceeded, or the linear constraints are infeasible.
On entry: if termination is about to occur at a point that does not satisfy the nonlinear constraints and options.feas_exit=Nag_TRUE is selected, this option requests that additional iterations be performed in order to find a feasible point (if any) for the nonlinear constraints. This involves solving a feasible point problem in which the objective function is omitted.
Otherwise, this option requests no additional iterations be performed.
Constraint: options.feas_exit=Nag_TRUE ​ or ​Nag_FALSE .
hess_storage – Nag_HessianType Default =Nag_HessianFull or Nag_HessianLimited
On entry: this option specifies the method for storing and updating the quasi-Newton approximation to the Hessian of the Lagrangian function. The default is Nag_HessianFull if the number of nonlinear variables n ¯ ( = max(nonln,njnln) ) <75 , and Nag_HessianLimited otherwise.
If options.hess_storage=Nag_HessianFull, the approximate Hessian is treated as a dense matrix, and BFGS quasi-Newton updates are applied explicitly. This is most efficient when the total number of nonlinear variables is not too large (say, n ¯ < 75 ). In this case, the storage requirement is fixed and you can expect one-step Q-superlinear convergence to the solution.
options.hess_storage=Nag_HessianLimited should only be specified when n ¯ is very large. In this case a limited memory procedure is used to update a diagonal Hessian approximation H r a limited number of times. (Updates are accumulated as a list of vector pairs. They are discarded at regular intervals after H r has been reset to their diagonal.)
Note that if options.hess_freq=20 is used in conjunction with options.hess_storage=Nag_HessianFull, the effect will be similar to using options.hess_storage=Nag_HessianLimited in conjunction with options.hess_update=20 , except that the latter will retain the current diagonal during resets.
Constraint: options.hess_storage=Nag_HessianLimited or Nag_HessianFull.
direction – Nag_DirectionType Default =Nag_Minimize
On entry: if options.direction=Nag_FeasiblePoint, e04ugc attempts to find a feasible point (if any) for the nonlinear constraints by omitting the objective function. It can also be used to check whether the nonlinear constraints are feasible.
Otherwise, options.direction specifies the direction of optimization. It applies to both linear and nonlinear terms (if any) in the objective function. Note that if two problems are the same except that one minimizes f (x) and the other maximizes -f (x) , their solutions will be the same but the signs of the dual variables π i and the reduced gradients d j will be reversed.
Constraint: options.direction=Nag_FeasiblePoint, Nag_Minimize or Nag_Maximize.
state – Integer * Default memory = n + m
On entry: options.state need not be set if the default option of options.start=Nag_Cold is used as n+m values of memory will be automatically allocated by e04ugc.
If the optional parameter options.start=Nag_Warm has been chosen, options.state must point to a minimum of n+m elements of memory. This memory will already be available if the options structure has been used in a previous call to e04ugc from the calling program, with options.start=Nag_Cold and the same values of n and m. If a previous call has not been made you must allocate sufficient memory.
If you supply a options.state vector and options.start=Nag_Cold, then the first n elements of options.state must specify the initial states of the problem variables. (The slacks s need not be initialized.) An internal Crash procedure is then used to select an initial basis matrix B . The initial basis matrix will be triangular (neglecting certain small elements in each column). It is chosen from various rows and columns of ( A -I ) . Possible values for options.state[j-1] , for j=1,2,,n, are:
options.state[j-1] State of xs[j-1] during Crash procedure
0 or 1 Eligible for the basis
2 Ignored
3 Eligible for the basis (given preference over 0 or 1)
4 or 5 Ignored
If nothing special is known about the problem, or there is no wish to provide special information, you may set options.state[j-1] = 0 (and xs[j-1] = 0.0 ), for j=1,2,,n. All variables will then be eligible for the initial basis. Less trivially, to say that the j th variable will probably be equal to one of its bounds, you should set options.state[j-1] = 4 and xs[j-1] = bl[j-1] or options.state[j-1] = 5 and xs[j-1] = bu[j-1] as appropriate.
Following the Crash procedure, variables for which options.state[j-1] = 2 are made superbasic. Other variables not selected for the basis are then made nonbasic at the value xs[j-1] if bl[j-1] xs[j-1] bu[j-1] , or at the value bl[j-1] or bu[j-1] closest to xs[j-1] .
When options.start=Nag_Warm, options.state and xs must specify the initial states and values, respectively, of the variables and slacks (x,s) . If e04ugc has been called previously with the same values of n and m, options.state already contains satisfactory information.
Constraints:
On exit: the final states of the variables and slacks (x,s) . The significance of each possible value of options.state is as follows:
options.state[j-1] State of variable j Normal value of xs[j-1]
0 Nonbasic bl[j-1]
1 Nonbasic bu[j-1]
2 Superbasic Between bl[j-1] and bu[j-1]
3 Basic Between bl[j-1] and bu[j-1]
If the problem is feasible (i.e., ninf=0 ), basic and superbasic variables may be outside their bounds by as much as the optional parameter options.minor_feas_tol. Note that unless the optional parameter options.scale_opt=0 , options.minor_feas_tol applies to the variables of the scaled problem. In this case, the variables of the original problem may be as much as 0.1 outside their bounds, but this is unlikely unless the problem is very badly scaled.
Very occasionally some nonbasic variables may be outside their bounds by as much as options.minor_feas_tol, and there may be some nonbasic variables for which xs[j-1] lies strictly between its bounds.
If the problem is infeasible (i.e., ninf>0 ), some basic and superbasic variables may be outside their bounds by an arbitrary amount (bounded by sinf if scaling was not used (options.scale_opt=0) .
lambda – double * Default memory = n + m
On entry: if options.start=Nag_Cold, you do not need to provide memory for options.lambda, as n+m values of memory will be automatically allocated by e04ugc. This is the recommended method of use of options.lambda. However you may supply memory from the calling program.
If the option options.start=Nag_Warm has been chosen, options.lambda must point to a minimum of n+m elements of memory. This memory will already be available if the options structure has been used in a previous call to e04ugc from the calling program, with options.start=Nag_Cold and the same values of n and m. If a previous call has not been made, you must allocate sufficient memory.
When a ‘warm start’ is chosen options.lambda[j-1] must contain a multiplier estimate for each nonlinear constraint for j = n + 1 , n+2 , , n+ncnln . The remaining elements need not be set. If nothing is known about the problem, or there is no wish to provide special information, you may set options.lambda[j-1] = 0 for j = n + 1 , n+2 , , n+ncnln .
On exit: a set of Lagrange multipliers for the bound constraints on the variables (reduced costs) and the general constraints (shadow costs). More precisely, the first n elements contain the multipliers for the bound constraints on the variables, the next ncnln elements contain the multipliers for the nonlinear constraints F (x) (if any) and the next m-ncnln elements contain the multipliers for the linear constraints Gx and the free row (if any).
iter – Integer 
On exit: the total number of minor iterations (summed over all major iterations).
major_iter – Integer 
On exit: the number of major iterations that have been performed in e04ugc.
nsb – Integer 
On entry: the number of superbasic variables. It need not be specified if options.start=Nag_Cold but must retain its value from a previous call when options.start=Nag_Warm.
Constraint: if options.start=Nag_Warm, options.nsb0.
On exit: the final number of superbasic variables.
nf – Integer 
On exit: the number of calls to objfun.
ncon – Integer 
On exit: the number of calls to confun.

12.3 Description of Printed Output

This section describes the intermediate printout and final printout produced by e04ugc. The level of printed output can be controlled with the structure members options.list, options.print_deriv, options.print_level, options.minor_print_level, options.print_80ch, and options.outfile (see Section 12.2). If options.list=Nag_TRUE then the argument values to e04ugc are listed, followed by the result of any derivative check when options.print_deriv=Nag_D_Print. The printout of results is then governed by the values of options.print_80ch, options.print_level and options.minor_print_level. The default of options.print_level=Nag_Soln_Iter, options.minor_print_level=Nag_NoPrint, and options.print_80ch=Nag_TRUE produces a single line of output at each major iteration and the final result.
The following line of summary output ( 80 characters) is produced at every major iteration. In all cases, the values of the quantities printed are those in effect on completion of the given iteration.
Maj is the major iteration count.
Mnr is the number of minor iterations required by the feasibility and optimality phases of the QP subproblem. Generally, Mnr will be 1 in the later iterations, since theoretical analysis predicts that the correct active set will be identified near the solution (see Section 11).
Step is the step taken along the computed search direction. On reasonably well-behaved problems, the unit step will be taken as the solution is approached.
Merit function is the value of the augmented Lagrangian merit function (6) at the current iterate. This function will decrease at each iteration unless it was necessary to increase the penalty parameters (see Section 11.2). As the solution is approached, Merit function will converge to the value of the objective function at the solution.
In elastic mode (see Section 11.2), the merit function is a composite function involving the constraint violations weighted by the value of the optional parameter options.elastic_wt (default value =1.0 or 100.0).
If there are no nonlinear constraints present, this entry contains Objective, the value of the objective function f (x) . In this case, f (x) will decrease monotonically to its optimal value.
Feasibl is the value of rowerr, the largest element of the scaled nonlinear constraint residual vector defined in the description of the optional parameter options.major_feas_tol. The solution is regarded as ‘feasible’ if Feasibl is less than (or equal to) the options.major_feas_tol (default value = ε ). Feasibl will be approximately zero in the neighbourhood of a solution.
If there are no nonlinear constraints present, all iterates are feasible and this entry is not printed.
Optimal is the value of maxgap, the largest element of the maximum complementarity gap vector defined in the description of the optional parameter options.major_opt_tol. The Lagrange multipliers are regarded as ‘optimal’ if Optimal is less than (or equal to) the optional parameter options.major_opt_tol (default value = ε ). Optimal will be approximately zero in the neighbourhood of a solution.
Cond Hz is an estimate of the condition number of the reduced Hessian of the Lagrangian (not printed if ncnln and nonln are both zero). It is the square of the ratio between the largest and smallest diagonal elements of an upper triangular matrix R . This constitutes a lower bound on the condition number of the matrix RT R that approximates the reduced Hessian. The larger this number, the more difficult the problem.
PD is a two-letter indication of the status of the convergence tests involving the feasibility and optimality of the iterates defined in the descriptions of the optional parameters options.major_feas_tol and options.major_opt_tol. Each letter is T if the test is satisfied, and F otherwise. The tests indicate whether the values of Feasibl and Optimal are sufficiently small. For example, TF or TT is printed if there are no nonlinear constraints present (since all iterates are feasible).
M is printed if an extra evaluation of objfun and confun was needed in order to define an acceptable positive definite quasi-Newton update to the Hessian of the Lagrangian. This modification is only performed when there are nonlinear constraints present.
m is printed if, in addition, it was also necessary to modify the update to include an augmented Lagrangian term.
s is printed if a self-scaled BFGS (Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno) update was performed. This update is always used when the Hessian approximation is diagonal, and hence always follows a Hessian reset.
S is printed if, in addition, it was also necessary to modify the self-scaled update in order to maintain positive-definiteness.
n is printed if no positive definite BFGS update could be found, in which case the approximate Hessian is unchanged from the previous iteration.
r is printed if the approximate Hessian was reset after 10 consecutive major iterations in which no BFGS update could be made. The diagonal elements of the approximate Hessian are retained if at least one update has been performed since the last reset. Otherwise, the approximate Hessian is reset to the identity matrix.
R is printed if the approximate Hessian has been reset by discarding all but its diagonal elements. This reset will be forced periodically by the values of the optional parameters options.hess_freq (default value =99999999 ) and options.hess_update (default value =20 ). However, it may also be necessary to reset an ill-conditioned Hessian from time to time.
l is printed if the change in the variables was limited by the value of the optional parameter options.major_step_lim (default value =2.0 ). If this output occurs frequently during later iterations, it may be worthwhile increasing the value of options.major_step_lim.
c is printed if central differences have been used to compute the unknown elements of the objective and constraint gradients. A switch to central differences is made if either the linesearch gives a small step, or x is close to being optimal. In some cases, it may be necessary to re-solve the QP subproblem with the central difference gradient and Jacobian.
u is printed if the QP subproblem was unbounded.
t is printed if the minor iterations were terminated because the number of iterations specified by the value of the optional parameter options.minor_iter_lim (default value  =500 ) was reached.
i is printed if the QP subproblem was infeasible when the function was not in elastic mode. This event triggers the start of nonlinear elastic mode, which remains in effect for all subsequent iterations. Once in elastic mode, the QP subproblems are associated with the elastic problem (8) (see Section 11.2). It is also printed if the minimizer of the elastic subproblem does not satisfy the linearized constraints when the function is already in elastic mode. (In this case, a feasible point for the usual QP subproblem may or may not exist.)
w is printed if a weak solution of the QP subproblem was found.
The final printout includes a listing of the status of every variable and constraint.
The following describes the printout for each variable.
Variable gives the name of the variable. If the optional parameter options.crnames= NULL, a default name is assigned to the j th variable, for j=1,2,,n. Otherwise, the name supplied in options.crnames[j-1] is assigned to the j th variable.
State gives the state of the variable (LL if nonbasic on its lower bound, UL if nonbasic on its upper bound, EQ if nonbasic and fixed, FR if nonbasic and strictly between its bounds, BS if basic and SBS if superbasic).
A key is sometimes printed before State to give some additional information about the state of a variable. Note that unless the optional parameter options.scale_opt=0 (default value =1 or 2) is specified, the tests for assigning a key are applied to the variables of the scaled problem.
A Alternative optimum possible. The variable is nonbasic, but its reduced gradient is essentially zero. This means that if the variable were allowed to start moving away from its current value, there would be no change in the value of the objective function. The values of the basic and superbasic variables might change, giving a genuine alternative solution. The values of the Lagrange multipliers might also change.
D Degenerate. The variable is basic, but it is equal to (or very close to) one of its bounds.
I Infeasible. The variable is basic and is currently violating one of its bounds by more than the value of the optional parameter options.minor_feas_tol (default value = ε ).
N Not precisely optimal. The variable is nonbasic. Its reduced gradient is larger than the value of the optional parameter options.major_feas_tol (default value  = ε ).
Value is the value of the variable at the final iterate.
Lower Bound is the lower bound specified for the variable. None indicates that bl[j-1] -options.inf_bound .
Upper Bound is the upper bound specified for the variable. None indicates that bu[j-1] options.inf_bound.
Lagr Mult is the Lagrange multiplier for the associated bound. This will be zero if State is FR. If x is optimal, the multiplier should be non-negative if State is LL, non-positive if State is UL, and zero if State is BS or SBS.
Residual is the difference between the variable Value and the nearer of its (finite) bounds bl[j-1] and bu[j-1] . A blank entry indicates that the associated variable is not bounded (i.e., bl[j-1] -options.inf_bound and bu[j-1] options.inf_bound).
The meaning of the printout for general constraints is the same as that given above for variables, with ‘variable’ replaced by ‘constraint’, n replaced by m , options.crnames[j-1] ) replaced by options.crnames[ n + j - 1 ] , bl[j-1] and bu[j-1] replaced by bl[ n + j - 1 ] and bu[ n + j - 1 ] respectively, and with the following change in the heading:
Constrnt gives the name of the general constraint.
Numerical values are output with a fixed number of digits; they are not guaranteed to be accurate to this precision.
The following describes all of the possible other levels of results printout available from e04ugc.
If a simple derivative check, options.verify_grad=Nag_SimpleCheck, is requested then a statement indicating success or failure is given. The largest error found in the objective and the constraint Jacobian are also output.
When a component derivative check (see the optional parameter options.verify_grad in Section 12.2) is selected, the element with the largest relative error is identified for the objective and the constraint Jacobian.
If options.print_deriv=Nag_D_Print then the following results are printed for each component:
x[j-1] the element of x .
dx[j-1] the finite difference interval.
Jacobian value the nonlinear Jacobian element.
g[j-1] the objective gradient element.
Difference approx. the finite difference approximation.
The indicator, OK or BAD?, states whether the derivative provided and the finite difference approximation are in agreement. If the derivatives are believed to be in error e04ugc will exit with fail set to either NE_CON_DERIV_ERRORS or NE_OBJ_DERIV_ERRORS, depending on whether the error was detected in the constraint Jacobian or in the objective gradient.
When options.print_level=Nag_Iter, Nag_Soln_Iter or Nag_Soln_Iter_Full, and options.print_80ch=Nag_FALSE , the following line of intermediate printout ( 120 characters) is sent at every major iteration to options.outfile. Unless stated otherwise, the values of the quantities printed are those in effect on completion of the given iteration.
Major is the major iteration count.
Minor is the number of minor iterations required by the feasibility and optimality phases of the QP subproblem. Generally, Minor will be 1 in the later iterations, since theoretical analysis predicts that the correct active set will be identified near the solution (see Section 11).
Step is the step taken along the computed search direction. On reasonably well-behaved problems, the unit step will be taken as the solution is approached.
nObj is the number of times objfun has been called to evaluate the nonlinear part of the objective function. Evaluations needed for the estimation of the gradients by finite differences are not included. nObj is printed as a guide to the amount of work required for the linesearch.
nCon is the number of times confun has been called to evaluate the nonlinear constraint functions (not printed if ncnln is zero).
Merit is the value of the augmented Lagrangian merit function (6) at the current iterate. This function will decrease at each iteration unless it was necessary to increase the penalty parameters (see Section 11.1). As the solution is approached, Merit will converge to the value of the objective function at the solution.
In elastic mode (see Section 11.2), the merit function is a composite function involving the constraint violations weighted by the value of the optional parameter options.elastic_wt (default value =1.0 or 100.0).
If there are no nonlinear constraints present, this entry contains Objective, the value of the objective function f (x) . In this case, f (x) will decrease monotonically to its optimal value.
Feasibl is the value of rowerr, the largest element of the scaled nonlinear constraint residual vector defined in the description of the optional parameter options.major_feas_tol. The solution is regarded as ‘feasible’ if Feasibl is less than (or equal to) options.major_feas_tol (default value = ε ). Feasibl will be approximately zero in the neighbourhood of a solution.
If there are no nonlinear constraints present, all iterates are feasible and this entry is not printed.
Optimal is the value of maxgap, the largest element of the maximum complementarity gap vector defined in the description of the optional parameter options.major_opt_tol. The Lagrange multipliers are regarded as ‘optimal’ if Optimal is less than (or equal to) options.major_opt_tol (default value = ε ). Optimal will be approximately zero in the neighbourhood of a solution.
nS is the current number of superbasic variables.
Penalty is the Euclidean norm of the vector of penalty parameters used in the augmented Lagrangian function (not printed if ncnln is zero).
LU is the number of nonzeros representing the basis factors L and U on completion of the QP subproblem.
If there are nonlinear constraints present, the basis factorization B = LU is computed at the start of the first minor iteration. At this stage, LU = lenL + lenU , where lenL is the number of subdiagonal elements in the columns of a lower triangular matrix and lenU is the number of diagonal and superdiagonal elements in the rows of an upper triangular matrix. As columns of B are replaced during the minor iterations, the value of LU may fluctuate up or down (but in general will tend to increase). As the solution is approached and the number of minor iterations required to solve each QP subproblem decreases towards zero, LU will reflect the number of nonzeros in the LU factors at the start of each QP subproblem.
If there are no nonlinear constraints present, refactorization is subject only to the value of the optional parameter options.factor_freq (default value =50 or 100) and hence LU will tend to increase between factorizations.
Swp is the number of columns of the basis matrix B that were swapped with columns of S in order to improve the condition number of B (not printed if ncnln is zero). The swaps are determined by an LU factorization of the rectangular matrix B S = (BS) T , with stability being favoured more than sparsity.
Cond Hz is an estimate of the condition number of the reduced Hessian of the Lagrangian (not printed if ncnln and nonln are both zero). It is the square of the ratio between the largest and smallest diagonal elements of the upper triangular matrix R . This constitutes a lower bound on the condition number of the matrix RT R that approximates the reduced Hessian. The larger this number, the more difficult the problem.
PD is a two-letter indication of the status of the convergence tests involving the feasibility and optimality of the iterates defined in the descriptions of the optional parameters options.major_feas_tol and options.major_opt_tol. Each letter is T if the test is satisfied, and F otherwise. The tests indicate whether the values of Feasibl and Optimal are sufficiently small. For example, TF or TT is printed if there are no nonlinear constraints present (since all iterates are feasible).
M is printed if an extra evaluation of objfun and confun was needed in order to define an acceptable positive definite quasi-Newton update to the Hessian of the Lagrangian. This modification is only performed when there are nonlinear constraints present.
m is printed if, in addition, it was also necessary to modify the update to include an augmented Lagrangian term.
s is printed if a self-scaled BFGS (Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno) update was performed. This update is always used when the Hessian approximation is diagonal, and hence always follows a Hessian reset.
S is printed if, in addition, it was also necessary to modify the self-scaled update in order to maintain positive-definiteness.
n is printed if no positive definite BFGS update could be found, in which case the approximate Hessian is unchanged from the previous iteration.
r is printed if the approximate Hessian was reset after 10 consecutive major iterations in which no BFGS update could be made. The diagonal elements of the approximate Hessian are retained if at least one update has been performed since the last reset. Otherwise, the approximate Hessian is reset to the identity matrix.
R is printed if the approximate Hessian has been reset by discarding all but its diagonal elements. This reset will be forced periodically by the values of the optional parameters options.hess_freq (default value =99999999 ) and options.hess_update (default value =20 ). However, it may also be necessary to reset an ill-conditioned Hessian from time to time.
l is printed if the change in the variables was limited by the value of the optional parameter options.major_step_lim (default value =2.0 ). If this output occurs frequently during later iterations, it may be worthwhile increasing the value of options.major_step_lim.
c is printed if central differences have been used to compute the unknown elements of the objective and constraint gradients. A switch to central differences is made if either the linesearch gives a small step, or x is close to being optimal. In some cases, it may be necessary to re-solve the QP subproblem with the central difference gradient and Jacobian.
u is printed if the QP subproblem was unbounded.
t is printed if the minor iterations were terminated because the number of iterations specified by the value of the optional parameter options.minor_iter_lim (default value =500 ) was reached.
i is printed if the QP subproblem was infeasible when the function was not in elastic mode. This event triggers the start of nonlinear elastic mode, which remains in effect for all subsequent iterations. Once in elastic mode, the QP subproblems are associated with the elastic problem (8) (see Section 11.2). It is also printed if the minimizer of the elastic subproblem does not satisfy the linearized constraints when the function is already in elastic mode. (In this case, a feasible point for the usual QP subproblem may or may not exist.)
w is printed if a weak solution of the QP subproblem was found.
When options.minor_print_level=Nag_Iter and options.print_80ch=Nag_TRUE , the following line of intermediate printout ( 80 characters) is sent at every minor iteration to options.outfile. Unless stated otherwise, the values of the quantities printed are those in effect on completion of the given iteration.
Itn is the iteration count.
Step is the step taken along the computed search direction.
Ninf is the number of infeasibilities. This will not increase unless the iterations are in elastic mode. Ninf will be zero during the optimality phase.
Sinf is the value of the sum of infeasibilities if Ninf is nonzero. This will be zero during the optimality phase.
Objective is the value of the current QP objective function when Ninf is zero and the iterations are not in elastic mode. The switch to elastic mode is indicated by a change in the heading to Composite Obj (see below).
Composite Obj is the value of the composite objective function (9) when the iterations are in elastic mode. This function will decrease monotonically at each iteration.
Norm rg is the Euclidean norm of the reduced gradient of the QP objective function. During the optimality phase, this norm will be approximately zero after a unit step.
When options.minor_print_level=Nag_Iter and options.print_80ch=Nag_FALSE , the following line of intermediate printout ( 120 characters) is sent at every minor iteration to options.outfile. Unless stated otherwise, the values of the quantities printed are those in effect on completion of the given iteration.
In the description below, a ‘pricing’ operation is defined to be the process by which a nonbasic variable is selected to become superbasic (in addition to those already in the superbasic set). If the problem is purely linear, the variable selected will usually become basic immediately (unless it happens to reach its opposite bound and return to the nonbasic set).
Itn is the iteration count.
pp is the partial price indicator. The variable selected by the last pricing operation came from the ppth partition of A and -I . Note that pp is reset to zero whenever the basis is refactorized.
dj is the value of the reduced gradient (or reduced cost) for the variable selected by the pricing operation at the start of the current iteration.
+SBS is the variable selected by the pricing operation to be added to the superbasic set.
-SBS is the variable chosen to leave the superbasic set. It has become basic if the entry under -B is nonzero; otherwise it has become nonbasic.
-BS is the variable removed from the basis (if any) to become nonbasic.
-B is the variable removed from the basis (if any) to swap with a slack variable made superbasic by the latest pricing operation. The swap is done to ensure that there are no superbasic slacks.
Step is the value of the step length α taken along the current search direction p . The variables x have just been changed to x + α p . If a variable is made superbasic during the current iteration (i.e., +SBS is positive), Step will be the step to the nearest bound. During the optimality phase, the step can be greater than unity only if the reduced Hessian is not positive definite.
Pivot is the r th element of a vector y satisfying By = a q whenever a q (the q th column of the constraint matrix ( A -I ) ) replaces the r th column of the basis matrix B . Wherever possible, Step is chosen so as to avoid extremely small values of Pivot (since they may cause the basis to be nearly singular). In extreme cases, it may be necessary to increase the value of the optional parameter options.pivot_tol (default value = ε 0.67 ) to exclude very small elements of y from consideration during the computation of Step.
Ninf is the number of infeasibilities. This will not increase unless the iterations are in elastic mode. Ninf will be zero during the optimality phase.
Sinf/Objective is the value of the current objective function. If x is infeasible, Sinf gives the value of the sum of infeasibilities at the start of the current iteration. It will usually decrease at each nonzero value of Step, but may occasionally increase if the value of Ninf decreases by a factor of 2 or more. However, in elastic mode this entry gives the value of the composite objective function (9), which will decrease monotonically at each iteration. If x is feasible, Objective is the value of the current QP objective function.
L is the number of nonzeros in the basis factor L . Immediately after a basis factorization B = LU , this entry contains lenL. Further nonzeros are added to L when various columns of B are later replaced. (Thus, L increases monotonically.)
U is the number of nonzeros in the basis factor U . Immediately after a basis factorization B = LU , this entry contains lenU. As columns of B are replaced, the matrix U is maintained explicitly (in sparse form). The value of U may fluctuate up or down; in general, it will tend to increase.
Ncp is the number of compressions required to recover workspace in the data structure for U . This includes the number of compressions needed during the previous basis factorization. Normally, Ncp should increase very slowly. If it does not, e04ugc will attempt to expand the internal workspace allocated for the basis factors.
The following items are printed only if the problem is nonlinear or the superbasic set is non-empty (i.e., if the current solution is nonbasic).
Norm rg is the Euclidean norm of the reduced gradient at the start of the current iteration. During the optimality phase, this norm will be approximately zero after a unit step.
nS is the current number of superbasic variables.
Cond Hz is an estimate of the condition number of the reduced Hessian of the Lagrangian (not printed if ncnln and nonln are both zero). It is the square of the ratio between the largest and smallest diagonal elements of an upper triangular matrix R . This constitutes a lower bound on the condition number of the matrix RT R that approximates the reduced Hessian. The larger this number, the more difficult the problem.
When options.print_level=Nag_Soln_Iter_Full, the following lines of intermediate printout ( 120 characters) are sent to options.outfile whenever the matrix B or B S = (BS) T is factorized. Gaussian elimination is used to compute a sparse LU factorization of B or B S , where PLPT is a lower triangular matrix and PUQ is an upper triangular matrix for some permutation matrices P and Q . The factorization is stabilized in the manner described under the optional parameter options.lu_factor_tol (default value =5.0 or 100.0).
Note that B S may be factorized at the beginning of just some of the major iterations. It is immediately followed by a factorization of B itself. Note also that factorizations can occur during the solution of a QP problem.
Factorize is the factorization count.
Demand is a code giving the reason for the present factorization as follows:
Code Meaning
0 0 First LU factorization.
0 1 The number of updates reached the value of the optional parameter options.factor_freq (default value =50 or 100).
0 2 The number of nonzeros in the updated factors has increased significantly.
0 7 Not enough storage to update factors.
10 Row residuals too large (see the description for the optional parameter options.fcheck).
11 Ill-conditioning has caused inconsistent results.
Iteration is the iteration count.
Nonlinear is the number of nonlinear variables in the current basis B (not printed if B S is factorized).
Linear is the number of linear variables in B (not printed if B S is factorized).
Slacks is the number of slack variables in B (not printed if B S is factorized).
Elems is the number of nonzeros in B (not printed if B S is factorized).
Density is the percentage nonzero density of B (not printed if B S is factorized). More precisely, Density = 100 × Elems / (Nonlinear+Linear+Slacks) 2 .
Compressns is the number of times the data structure holding the partially factorized matrix needed to be compressed, in order to recover unused workspace. Ideally, it should be zero.
Merit is the average Markowitz merit count for the elements chosen to be the diagonals of PUQ . Each merit count is defined to be (c-1) (r-1) , where c and r are the number of nonzeros in the column and row containing the element at the time it is selected to be the next diagonal. Merit is the average of m such quantities. It gives an indication of how much work was required to preserve sparsity during the factorization.
lenL is the number of nonzeros in L .
lenU is the number of nonzeros in U .
Increase is the percentage increase in the number of nonzeros in L and U relative to the number of nonzeros in B . More precisely, Increase = 100 × (lenL+lenU-Elems) / Elems .
m is the number of rows in the problem. Note that m = Ut + Lt + bp .
Ut is the number of triangular rows of B at the top of U .
d1 is the number of columns remaining when the density of the basis matrix being factorized reached 0.3.
Lmax is the maximum subdiagonal element in the columns of L . This will not exceed the value of the optional parameter options.lu_factor_tol (default value =5.0 or 100.0).
Bmax is the maximum nonzero element in B (not printed if B S is factorized).
BSmax is the maximum nonzero element in B S (not printed if B is factorized).
Umax is the maximum nonzero element in U , excluding elements of B that remain in U unchanged. (For example, if a slack variable is in the basis, the corresponding row of B will become a row of U without modification. Elements in such rows will not contribute to Umax. If the basis is strictly triangular, none of the elements of B will contribute, and Umax will be zero.)
Ideally, Umax should not be significantly larger than Bmax. If it is several orders of magnitude larger, it may be advisable to reset the options.lu_factor_tol to some value nearer unity.
Umax is not printed if B S is factorized.
Umin is the magnitude of the smallest diagonal element of PUQ .
Growth is the value of the ratio Umax/Bmax , which should not be too large.
Providing Lmax is not large (say < 10.0 ), the ratio max(Bmax,Umax) / Umin is an estimate of the condition number of B . If this number is extremely large, the basis is nearly singular and some numerical difficulties might occur. (However, an effort is made to avoid near-singularity by using slacks to replace columns of B that would have made Umin extremely small, and the modified basis is refactorized.)
Lt is the number of triangular columns of B at the left of L .
bp is the size of the ‘bump’ or block to be factorized nontrivially after the triangular rows and columns of B have been removed.
d2 is the number of columns remaining when the density of the basis matrix being factorized has reached 0.6.
When options.print_level=Nag_Soln_Iter_Full, and options.crashNag_NoCrash (default value options.crash=Nag_NoCrash or Nag_CrashThreeTimes), the following lines of intermediate printout are sent to options.outfile whenever options.start=Nag_Cold. They refer to the number of columns selected by the Crash procedure during each of several passes through A while searching for a triangular basis matrix.
Slacks is the number of slacks selected initially.
Free cols is the number of free columns in the basis, including those whose bounds are rather far apart.
Preferred is the number of ‘preferred’ columns in the basis (i.e., options.state[j-1] = 3 for some jn ). It will be a subset of the columns for which options.state[j-1] = 3 was specified.
Unit is the number of unit columns in the basis.
Double is the number of columns in the basis containing two nonzeros.
Triangle is the number of triangular columns in the basis with three (or more) nonzeros.
Pad is the number of slacks used to pad the basis (to make it a nonsingular triangle).
When options.print_level=Nag_Soln or Nag_Soln_Iter, and options.print_80ch=Nag_FALSE , the following lines of final printout ( 120 characters) are sent to options.outfile.
Let x j denote the j th ‘column variable’, for j=1,2,,n. We assume that a typical variable x j has bounds α x j β .
The following describes the printout for each column (or variable).
Number is the column number j . (This is used internally to refer to x j in the intermediate output.)
Column gives the name of x j .
State gives the state of x j relative to the bounds α and β . The various possible states are as follows:
LL x j is nonbasic at its lower limit, α .
UL x j is nonbasic at its upper limit, β .
EQ x j is nonbasic and fixed at the value α=β .
FR x j is nonbasic at some value strictly between its bounds: α < x j < β .
BS x j is basic. Usually α < x j < β .
SBS x j is superbasic. Usually α < x j < β .
A key is sometimes printed before State to give some additional information about the state of x j . Note that unless the optional parameter options.scale_opt=0 (default value =1 or 2) is specified, the tests for assigning a key are applied to the variables of the scaled problem.
A Alternative optimum possible. x j is nonbasic, but its reduced gradient is essentially zero. This means that if x j were allowed to start moving away from its current value, there would be no change in the value of the objective function. The values of the basic and superbasic variables might change, giving a genuine alternative solution. The values of the Lagrange multipliers might also change.
D Degenerate. x j is basic, but it is equal to (or very close to) one of its bounds.
I Infeasible. x j is basic and is currently violating one of its bounds by more than the value of the optional parameter options.minor_feas_tol (default value  = ε ).
N Not precisely optimal. x j is nonbasic. Its reduced gradient is larger than the value of the optional parameter options.major_feas_tol (default value = ε ).
Activity is the value of x j at the final iterate.
Obj Gradient is the value of g j at the final iterate. (If any x j is infeasible, g j is the gradient of the sum of infeasibilities.)
Lower Limit is α , the lower bound specified for x j . None indicates that bl[j-1] -options.inf_bound .
Upper Limit is β , the upper bound specified for x j . None indicates that bu[j-1] options.inf_bound.
Reduced Gradnt is the value of d j at the final iterate.
m + j is the value of m+j .
General linear constraints take the form l Ax u . Let aiT denote the i th row of A , for i=1,2,,n. The i th constraint is, therefore, of the form α aiT x β , and the value of aiT x is called the row activity. Internally, the linear constraints take the form Ax - s = 0 , where the slack variables s should satisfy the bounds l s u . For the i th ‘row’, it is the slack variable s i that is directly available, and it is sometimes convenient to refer to its state. Slacks may be basic or nonbasic (but not superbasic).
Nonlinear constraints α F i (x) + aiT x β are treated similarly, except that the row activity and degree of infeasibility are computed directly from F i (x) + aiT x rather than from s i .
The following describes the printout for each row (or constraint).
Number is the value of n+i . (This is used internally to refer to s i in the intermediate output.)
Row gives the name of the i th row.
State gives the state of the i th row relative to the bounds α and β . The various possible states are as follows:
LL The row is at its lower limit, α .
UL The row is at its upper limit, β .
EQ The limits are the same (α=β) .
BS The constraint is not binding. s i is basic.
A key is sometimes printed before State to give some additional information about the state of s i . Note that unless the optional parameter options.scale_opt=0 (default value =1 or 2) is specified, the tests for assigning a key are applied to the variables of the scaled problem.
A Alternative optimum possible. s i is nonbasic, but its reduced gradient is essentially zero. This means that if s i were allowed to start moving away from its current value, there would be no change in the value of the objective function. The values of the basic and superbasic variables might change, giving a genuine alternative solution. The values of the dual variables (or Lagrange multipliers) might also change.
D Degenerate. s i is basic, but it is equal to (or very close to) one of its bounds.
I Infeasible. s i is basic and is currently violating one of its bounds by more than the value of the optional parameter options.minor_feas_tol (default value = ε ).
N Not precisely optimal. s i is nonbasic. Its reduced gradient is larger than the value of the optional parameter options.major_feas_tol (default value = ε ).
Activity is the value of a i Tx (or F i (x) + aiT x for nonlinear rows) at the final iterate.
Slack Activity is the value by which the row differs from its nearest bound. (For the free row (if any), it is set to Activity.)
Lower Limit is α , the lower bound specified for the i th row. None indicates that bl[ n + i - 1 ] -options.inf_bound .
Upper Limit is β , the upper bound specified for the i th row. None indicates that bu[ n + i - 1 ] options.inf_bound.
Dual Activity is the value of the dual variable π i .
i gives the index i of the i th row.
Numerical values are output with a fixed number of digits; they are not guaranteed to be accurate to this precision.