NAG FL Interface
g01taf (inv_​cdf_​normal_​vector)

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1 Purpose

g01taf returns a number of deviates associated with given probabilities of the Normal distribution.

2 Specification

Fortran Interface
Subroutine g01taf ( ltail, tail, lp, p, lxmu, xmu, lxstd, xstd, x, ivalid, ifail)
Integer, Intent (In) :: ltail, lp, lxmu, lxstd
Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ifail
Integer, Intent (Out) :: ivalid(*)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: p(lp), xmu(lxmu), xstd(lxstd)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: x(*)
Character (1), Intent (In) :: tail(ltail)
C Header Interface
#include <nag.h>
void  g01taf_ (const Integer *ltail, const char tail[], const Integer *lp, const double p[], const Integer *lxmu, const double xmu[], const Integer *lxstd, const double xstd[], double x[], Integer ivalid[], Integer *ifail, const Charlen length_tail)
The routine may be called by the names g01taf or nagf_stat_inv_cdf_normal_vector.

3 Description

The deviate, xpi associated with the lower tail probability, pi, for the Normal distribution is defined as the solution to
P(Xixpi)=pi=-xpiZi(Xi)dXi,  
where
Zi(Xi)=12πσi2e-(Xi-μi)2/(2σi2), ​-<Xi< .  
The method used is an extension of that of Wichura (1988). pi is first replaced by qi=pi-0.5.
  1. (a)If |qi|0.3, zi is computed by a rational Chebyshev approximation
    zi=siAi(si2) Bi(si2) ,  
    where si=2πqi and Ai, Bi are polynomials of degree 7.
  2. (b)If 0.3<|qi|0.42, zi is computed by a rational Chebyshev approximation
    zi=signqi (Ci(ti) Di(ti) ) ,  
    where ti=|qi|-0.3 and Ci, Di are polynomials of degree 5.
  3. (c)If |qi|>0.42, zi is computed as
    zi=signqi [(Ei(ui) Fi(ui) )+ui] ,  
    where ui = −2 × log(min(pi,1-pi)) and Ei, Fi are polynomials of degree 6.
xpi is then calculated from zi, using the relationsship zpi = xi - μi σi .
For the upper tail probability -xpi is returned, while for the two tail probabilities the value xipi* is returned, where pi* is the required tail probability computed from the input value of pi.
The input arrays to this routine are designed to allow maximum flexibility in the supply of vector arguments by re-using elements of any arrays that are shorter than the total number of evaluations required. See Section 2.6 in the G01 Chapter Introduction for further information.

4 References

NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions
Hastings N A J and Peacock J B (1975) Statistical Distributions Butterworth
Wichura (1988) Algorithm AS 241: the percentage points of the Normal distribution Appl. Statist. 37 477–484

5 Arguments

1: ltail Integer Input
On entry: the length of the array tail.
Constraint: ltail>0.
2: tail(ltail) Character(1) array Input
On entry: indicates which tail the supplied probabilities represent. Letting Z denote a variate from a standard Normal distribution, and zi = xpi - μi σi , then for j= ((i-1) mod ltail) +1 , for i=1,2,,max(ltail,lp,lxmu,lxstd):
tail(j)='L'
The lower tail probability, i.e., pi=P(Zzi).
tail(j)='U'
The upper tail probability, i.e., pi=P(Zzi).
tail(j)='C'
The two tail (confidence interval) probability, i.e., pi=P(Z|zi|)-P(Z-|zi|).
tail(j)='S'
The two tail (significance level) probability, i.e., pi=P(Z|zi|)+P(Z-|zi|).
Constraint: tail(j)='L', 'U', 'C' or 'S', for j=1,2,,ltail.
3: lp Integer Input
On entry: the length of the array p.
Constraint: lp>0.
4: p(lp) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: pi, the probabilities for the Normal distribution as defined by tail with pi=p(j), j=(i-1) mod lp+1.
Constraint: 0.0<p(j)<1.0, for j=1,2,,lp.
5: lxmu Integer Input
On entry: the length of the array xmu.
Constraint: lxmu>0.
6: xmu(lxmu) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: μi, the means with μi=xmu(j), j=((i-1) mod lxmu)+1.
7: lxstd Integer Input
On entry: the length of the array xstd.
Constraint: lxstd>0.
8: xstd(lxstd) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input
On entry: σi, the standard deviations with σi=xstd(j), j=((i-1) mod lxstd)+1.
Constraint: xstd(j)>0.0, for j=1,2,,lxstd.
9: x(*) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
Note: the dimension of the array x must be at least max(ltail,lxmu,lxstd,lp).
On exit: xpi, the deviates for the Normal distribution.
10: ivalid(*) Integer array Output
Note: the dimension of the array ivalid must be at least max(ltail,lxmu,lxstd,lp).
On exit: ivalid(i) indicates any errors with the input arguments, with
ivalid(i)=0
No error.
ivalid(i)=1
On entry, invalid value supplied in tail when calculating xpi.
ivalid(i)=2
On entry, pi0.0, or, pi1.0.
ivalid(i)=3
On entry, σi0.0.
11: ifail Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, −1 or 1 to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of 0 causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of −1 means that an error message is printed while a value of 1 means that it is not.
If halting is not appropriate, the value −1 or 1 is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, the value 0 is recommended. When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or −1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
ifail=1
On entry, at least one value of tail, xstd or p was invalid.
Check ivalid for more information.
ifail=2
On entry, array size=value.
Constraint: ltail>0.
ifail=3
On entry, array size=value.
Constraint: lp>0.
ifail=4
On entry, array size=value.
Constraint: lxmu>0.
ifail=5
On entry, array size=value.
Constraint: lxstd>0.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

The accuracy is mainly limited by the machine precision.

8 Parallelism and Performance

g01taf is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

None.

10 Example

This example reads vectors of values for μi, σi and pi and prints the corresponding deviates.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (g01tafe.f90)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (g01tafe.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (g01tafe.r)