NAG FL Interface
g01haf (prob_​bivariate_​normal)

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1 Purpose

g01haf returns the lower tail probability for the bivariate Normal distribution.

2 Specification

Fortran Interface
Function g01haf ( x, y, rho, ifail)
Real (Kind=nag_wp) :: g01haf
Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ifail
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: x, y, rho
C Header Interface
#include <nag.h>
double  g01haf_ (const double *x, const double *y, const double *rho, Integer *ifail)
The routine may be called by the names g01haf or nagf_stat_prob_bivariate_normal.

3 Description

For the two random variables (X,Y) following a bivariate Normal distribution with
E[X]=0,  E[Y]=0,  E[X2]=1,  E[Y2]=1  and  E[XY]=ρ,  
the lower tail probability is defined by:
P(Xx,Yy:ρ)=12π1-ρ2 -y -x exp(- (X2-2ρXY+Y2) 2(1-ρ2) ) dXdY.  
For a more detailed description of the bivariate Normal distribution and its properties see Abramowitz and Stegun (1972) and Kendall and Stuart (1969). The method used is described by Genz (2004).

4 References

Abramowitz M and Stegun I A (1972) Handbook of Mathematical Functions (3rd Edition) Dover Publications
Genz A (2004) Numerical computation of rectangular bivariate and trivariate Normal and t probabilities Statistics and Computing 14 151–160
Kendall M G and Stuart A (1969) The Advanced Theory of Statistics (Volume 1) (3rd Edition) Griffin

5 Arguments

1: x Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: x, the first argument for which the bivariate Normal distribution function is to be evaluated.
2: y Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: y, the second argument for which the bivariate Normal distribution function is to be evaluated.
3: rho Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: ρ, the correlation coefficient.
Constraint: -1.0rho1.0.
4: ifail Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, −1 or 1 to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of 0 causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of −1 means that an error message is printed while a value of 1 means that it is not.
If halting is not appropriate, the value −1 or 1 is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, the value 0 is recommended. When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or −1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
ifail=1
On entry, rho=value.
Constraint: rho-1.0.
On entry, rho=value.
Constraint: rho1.0.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

Accuracy of the hybrid algorithm implemented here is discussed in Genz (2004). This algorithm should give a maximum absolute error of less than 5×10−16.

8 Parallelism and Performance

g01haf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The probabilities for the univariate Normal distribution can be computed using s15abf and s15acf.

10 Example

This example reads values of x and y for a bivariate Normal distribution along with the value of ρ and computes the lower tail probabilities.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (g01hafe.f90)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (g01hafe.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (g01hafe.r)