NAG FL Interface
f01blf (real_​gen_​pseudinv)

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1 Purpose

f01blf calculates the rank and pseudo-inverse of an m×n real matrix, mn, using a QR factorization with column interchanges.

2 Specification

Fortran Interface
Subroutine f01blf ( m, n, t, a, lda, aijmax, irank, inc, d, u, ldu, du, ifail)
Integer, Intent (In) :: m, n, lda, ldu
Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ifail
Integer, Intent (Out) :: irank, inc(n)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: t
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: a(lda,n), u(ldu,n)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: aijmax(n), d(m), du(n)
C Header Interface
#include <nag.h>
void  f01blf_ (const Integer *m, const Integer *n, const double *t, double a[], const Integer *lda, double aijmax[], Integer *irank, Integer inc[], double d[], double u[], const Integer *ldu, double du[], Integer *ifail)
The routine may be called by the names f01blf or nagf_matop_real_gen_pseudinv.

3 Description

Householder's factorization with column interchanges is used in the decomposition F=QU, where F is A with its columns permuted, Q is the first r columns of an m×m orthogonal matrix and U is an r×n upper-trapezoidal matrix of rank r. The pseudo-inverse of F is given by X where
X=UT(UUT)−1QT.  
If the matrix is found to be of maximum rank, r=n, U is a nonsingular n×n upper-triangular matrix and the pseudo-inverse of F simplifies to X=U-1QT. The transpose of the pseudo-inverse of A is overwritten on A.

4 References

Peters G and Wilkinson J H (1970) The least squares problem and pseudo-inverses Comput. J. 13 309–316
Wilkinson J H and Reinsch C (1971) Handbook for Automatic Computation II, Linear Algebra Springer–Verlag

5 Arguments

1: m Integer Input
2: n Integer Input
On entry: m and n, the number of rows and columns in the matrix A.
Constraint: mn.
3: t Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: the tolerance used to decide when elements can be regarded as zero (see Section 9).
4: a(lda,n) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
On entry: the m×n rectangular matrix A.
On exit: the transpose of the pseudo-inverse of A.
5: lda Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which f01blf is called.
Constraint: ldam.
6: aijmax(n) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: aijmax(i) contains the element of largest modulus in the reduced matrix at the ith stage. If r<n, then only the first r+1 elements of aijmax have values assigned to them; the remaining elements are unused. The ratio aijmax(1)/aijmax(r) usually gives an indication of the condition number of the original matrix (see Section 9).
7: irank Integer Output
On exit: r, the rank of A as determined using the tolerance t.
8: inc(n) Integer array Output
On exit: the record of the column interchanges in the Householder factorization.
9: d(m) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Workspace
10: u(ldu,n) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Workspace
11: ldu Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array u as declared in the (sub)program from which f01blf is called.
Constraint: ldun.
12: du(n) Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Workspace
13: ifail Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, −1 or 1 to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of 0 causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of −1 means that an error message is printed while a value of 1 means that it is not.
If halting is not appropriate, the value −1 or 1 is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, the value 0 is recommended. When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or −1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
ifail=1
Inverse not found. Incorrect irank.
ifail=2
Invalid tolerance, t<0.0: t=value.
Invalid tolerance, t too large: t=value.
ifail=3
On entry, m=value and n=value.
Constraint: mn.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

For most matrices the pseudo-inverse is the best possible having regard to the condition of A and the choice of t. Note that only the singular value decomposition method can be relied upon to give maximum accuracy for the precision of computation used and correct determination of the condition of a matrix (see Wilkinson and Reinsch (1971)).
The computed factors Q and U satisfy the relation QU=F+E where
E2<cεA2+η(m-r)(n-r)  
in which c is a modest function of m and n, η is the value of t, and ε is the machine precision.

8 Parallelism and Performance

f01blf is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

The time taken by f01blf is approximately proportional to mnr.
The most difficult practical problem is the determination of the rank of the matrix (see pages 314–315 of Peters and Wilkinson (1970)); only the singular value decomposition method gives a reliable indication of rank deficiency (see pages 134–151 of Wilkinson and Reinsch (1971) and f08kbf). In f01blf a tolerance, t, is used to recognize ‘zero’ elements in the remaining matrix at each step in the factorization. The value of t should be set at n times the bound on possible errors in individual elements of the original matrix. If the elements of A vary widely in their orders of magnitude, of course this presents severe difficulties. Sound decisions can only be made by somebody who appreciates the underlying physical problem.
If the condition number of A is 10p we expect to get p figures wrong in the pseudo-inverse. An estimate of the condition number is usually given by aijmax(1)/aijmax(r).

10 Example

A complete program follows which outputs the maximum of the moduli of the ‘remaining’ elements at each step in the factorization, the rank, as determined by the given value of t, and the transposed pseudo-inverse. Data and results are given for an example which is a 6×5 matrix of deficient rank in which the last column is a linear combination of the other four. Setting t to ε times the norm of the matrix, the rank is correctly determined as 4 and the pseudo-inverse is computed to full implementation accuracy.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (f01blfe.f90)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (f01blfe.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (f01blfe.r)