NAG CL Interface
s18asc (bessel_​i0_​real_​vector)

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1 Purpose

s18asc returns an array of values of the modified Bessel function I0(x).

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
void  s18asc (Integer n, const double x[], double f[], Integer ivalid[], NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: s18asc, nag_specfun_bessel_i0_real_vector or nag_bessel_i0_vector.

3 Description

s18asc evaluates an approximation to the modified Bessel function of the first kind I0(xi) for an array of arguments xi, for i=1,2,,n.
Note:  I0(-x)=I0(x), so the approximation need only consider x0.
The function is based on three Chebyshev expansions:
For 0<x4,
I0(x)=exr=0arTr(t),   where ​ t = 2 (x4) -1.  
For 4<x12,
I0(x)=exr=0brTr(t),   where ​ t=x-84.  
For x>12,
I0(x)=exx r=0crTr(t),   where ​ t=2(12x) -1.  
For small x, I0(x)1. This approximation is used when x is sufficiently small for the result to be correct to machine precision.
For large x, the function must fail because of the danger of overflow in calculating ex.

4 References

NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions

5 Arguments

1: n Integer Input
On entry: n, the number of points.
Constraint: n0.
2: x[n] const double Input
On entry: the argument xi of the function, for i=1,2,,n.
3: f[n] double Output
On exit: I0(xi), the function values.
4: ivalid[n] Integer Output
On exit: ivalid[i-1] contains the error code for xi, for i=1,2,,n.
ivalid[i-1]=0
No error.
ivalid[i-1]=1
xi is too large. f[i-1] contains the approximate value of I0(xi) at the nearest valid argument. The threshold value is the same as for fail.code= NE_REAL_ARG_GT in s18aec , as defined in the the Users' Note for your implementation.
5: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument value had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n0.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NW_IVALID
On entry, at least one value of x was invalid.
Check ivalid for more information.

7 Accuracy

Let δ and ε be the relative errors in the argument and result respectively.
If δ is somewhat larger than the machine precision (i.e., if δ is due to data errors etc.), then ε and δ are approximately related by:
ε | x I1(x) I0 (x) |δ.  
Figure 1 shows the behaviour of the error amplification factor
| xI1(x) I0(x) |.  
Figure 1
Figure 1
However, if δ is of the same order as machine precision, then rounding errors could make ε slightly larger than the above relation predicts.
For small x the amplification factor is approximately x22 , which implies strong attenuation of the error, but in general ε can never be less than the machine precision.
For large x, εxδ and we have strong amplification of errors. However, for quite moderate values of x (x>x^, the threshold value), the function must fail because I0(x) would overflow; hence in practice the loss of accuracy for x close to x^ is not excessive and the errors will be dominated by those of the standard function exp.

8 Parallelism and Performance

s18asc is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

None.

10 Example

This example reads values of x from a file, evaluates the function at each value of xi and prints the results.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (s18asce.c)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (s18asce.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (s18asce.r)