NAG CL Interface
f08nhc (dgebal)

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1 Purpose

f08nhc balances a real general matrix in order to improve the accuracy of computed eigenvalues and/or eigenvectors.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
void  f08nhc (Nag_OrderType order, Nag_JobType job, Integer n, double a[], Integer pda, Integer *ilo, Integer *ihi, double scale[], NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: f08nhc, nag_lapackeig_dgebal or nag_dgebal.

3 Description

f08nhc balances a real general matrix A. The term ‘balancing’ covers two steps, each of which involves a similarity transformation of A. The function can perform either or both of these steps.
  1. 1.The function first attempts to permute A to block upper triangular form by a similarity transformation:
    PAPT = A = ( A11 A12 A13 0 A22 A23 0 0 A33 )  
    where P is a permutation matrix, and A11 and A33 are upper triangular. Then the diagonal elements of A11 and A33 are eigenvalues of A. The rest of the eigenvalues of A are the eigenvalues of the central diagonal block A22, in rows and columns ilo to ihi. Subsequent operations to compute the eigenvalues of A (or its Schur factorization) need only be applied to these rows and columns; this can save a significant amount of work if ilo>1 and ihi<n. If no suitable permutation exists (as is often the case), the function sets ilo=1 and ihi=n, and A22 is the whole of A.
  2. 2.The function applies a diagonal similarity transformation to A, to make the rows and columns of A22 as close in norm as possible:
    A = DAD-1 = ( I 0 0 0 D22 0 0 0 I ) ( A11 A12 A13 0 A22 A23 0 0 A33 ) ( I 0 0 0 D22−1 0 0 0 I ) .  
    This scaling can reduce the norm of the matrix (i.e., A22<A22) and hence reduce the effect of rounding errors on the accuracy of computed eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

4 References

Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

5 Arguments

1: order Nag_OrderType Input
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by order=Nag_RowMajor. See Section 3.1.3 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint: order=Nag_RowMajor or Nag_ColMajor.
2: job Nag_JobType Input
On entry: indicates whether A is to be permuted and/or scaled (or neither).
job=Nag_DoNothing
A is neither permuted nor scaled (but values are assigned to ilo, ihi and scale).
job=Nag_Permute
A is permuted but not scaled.
job=Nag_Scale
A is scaled but not permuted.
job=Nag_DoBoth
A is both permuted and scaled.
Constraint: job=Nag_DoNothing, Nag_Permute, Nag_Scale or Nag_DoBoth.
3: n Integer Input
On entry: n, the order of the matrix A.
Constraint: n0.
4: a[dim] double Input/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array a must be at least max(1,pda×n).
where A(i,j) appears in this document, it refers to the array element
  • a[(j-1)×pda+i-1] when order=Nag_ColMajor;
  • a[(i-1)×pda+j-1] when order=Nag_RowMajor.
On entry: the n×n matrix A.
On exit: a is overwritten by the balanced matrix. If job=Nag_DoNothing, a is not referenced.
5: pda Integer Input
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array a.
Constraint: pdamax(1,n).
6: ilo Integer * Output
7: ihi Integer * Output
On exit: the values ilo and ihi such that on exit A(i,j) is zero if i>j and 1j<ilo or ihi<in.
If job=Nag_DoNothing or Nag_Scale, ilo=1 and ihi=n.
8: scale[n] double Output
On exit: details of the permutations and scaling factors applied to A. More precisely, if pj is the index of the row and column interchanged with row and column j and dj is the scaling factor used to balance row and column j then
scale[j-1] = { pj, j=1,2,,ilo-1 dj, j=ilo,ilo+1,,ihi  and pj, j=ihi+1,ihi+2,,n.  
The order in which the interchanges are made is n to ihi+1 then 1 to ilo-1.
9: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument value had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n0.
On entry, pda=value.
Constraint: pda>0.
NE_INT_2
On entry, pda=value and n=value.
Constraint: pdamax(1,n).
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

The errors are negligible.

8 Parallelism and Performance

f08nhc makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

If the matrix A is balanced by f08nhc, then any eigenvectors computed subsequently are eigenvectors of the matrix A (see Section 3) and hence f08njc must then be called to transform them back to eigenvectors of A.
If the Schur vectors of A are required, then this function must not be called with job=Nag_Scale or Nag_DoBoth, because then the balancing transformation is not orthogonal. If this function is called with job=Nag_Permute, then any Schur vectors computed subsequently are Schur vectors of the matrix A, and f08njc must be called (with side=Nag_RightSide) to transform them back to Schur vectors of A.
The total number of floating-point operations is approximately proportional to n2.
The complex analogue of this function is f08nvc.

10 Example

This example computes all the eigenvalues and right eigenvectors of the matrix A, where
A = ( 5.14 0.91 0.00 -32.80 0.91 0.20 0.00 34.50 1.90 0.80 -0.40 -3.00 -0.33 0.35 0.00 0.66 ) .  
The program first calls f08nhc to balance the matrix; it then computes the Schur factorization of the balanced matrix, by reduction to Hessenberg form and the QR algorithm. Then it calls f08qkc to compute the right eigenvectors of the balanced matrix, and finally calls f08njc to transform the eigenvectors back to eigenvectors of the original matrix A.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (f08nhce.c)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (f08nhce.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (f08nhce.r)