NAG CL Interface
s10aac (tanh)

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1 Purpose

s10aac returns a value for the hyperbolic tangent, tanhx.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
double  s10aac (double x)
The function may be called by the names: s10aac, nag_specfun_tanh or nag_tanh.

3 Description

s10aac calculates an approximate value for the hyperbolic tangent of its argument, tanhx.
For |x|1 it is based on the Chebyshev expansion
tanhx=x×y(t)=xr=0arTr(t)  
where -1x1,  -1t1,   and  t=2x2-1.
For 1<|x|<E1 (see the Users' Note for your implementation for value of E1)
tanhx=e2x-1 e2x+1 .  
For |x|E1, tanhx=signx to within the representation accuracy of the machine and so this approximation is used.

4 References

NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions

5 Arguments

1: x double Input
On entry: the argument x of the function.

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

None.

7 Accuracy

If δ and ε are the relative errors in the argument and the result respectively, then in principle,
|ε| | 2x sinh2x δ| .  
That is, a relative error in the argument, x, is amplified by a factor approximately 2x sinh2x , in the result.
The equality should hold if δ is greater than the machine precision (δ due to data errors etc.) but if δ is due simply to the round-off in the machine representation it is possible that an extra figure may be lost in internal calculation round-off.
The behaviour of the amplification factor is shown in the following graph:
Figure 1
Figure 1
It should be noted that this factor is always less than or equal to 1.0 and away from x=0 the accuracy will eventually be limited entirely by the precision of machine representation.

8 Parallelism and Performance

s10aac is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

None.

10 Example

This example reads values of the argument x from a file, evaluates the function at each value of x and prints the results.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (s10aace.c)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (s10aace.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (s10aace.r)