NAG CL Interface
g05xdc (bb_​inc)

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1 Purpose

g05xdc computes scaled increments of sample paths of a free or non-free Wiener process, where the sample paths are constructed by a Brownian bridge algorithm. The initialization function g05xcc must be called prior to the first call to g05xdc.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
void  g05xdc (Nag_OrderType order, Integer npaths, Integer d, Integer a, const double diff[], double z[], Integer pdz, const double c[], Integer pdc, double b[], Integer pdb, const double rcomm[], NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: g05xdc or nag_rand_bb_inc.

3 Description

For details on the Brownian bridge algorithm and the bridge construction order see Section 2.6 in the G05 Chapter Introduction and Section 3 in g05xcc. Recall that the terms Wiener process (or free Wiener process) and Brownian motion are often used interchangeably, while a non-free Wiener process (also known as a Brownian bridge process) refers to a process which is forced to terminate at a given point.
Fix two times t0<T, let (ti) 1iN be any set of time points satisfying t0<t1<t2<<tN<T, and let Xt0, (Xti) 1iN , XT denote a d-dimensional Wiener sample path at these time points.
The Brownian bridge increments generator uses the Brownian bridge algorithm to construct sample paths for the (free or non-free) Wiener process X, and then uses this to compute the scaled Wiener increments
Xt1 - Xt0 t1 - t0 , Xt2 - Xt1 t2 - t1 ,, XtN - XtN-1 tN - tN-1 , XT - XtN T - tN  

4 References

Glasserman P (2004) Monte Carlo Methods in Financial Engineering Springer

5 Arguments

Note: the following variable is used in the parameter descriptions: N=ntimes, the length of the array times passed to the initialization function g05xcc.
1: order Nag_OrderType Input
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by order=Nag_RowMajor. See Section 3.1.3 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint: order=Nag_RowMajor or Nag_ColMajor.
2: npaths Integer Input
On entry: the number of Wiener sample paths.
Constraint: npaths1.
3: d Integer Input
On entry: the dimension of each Wiener sample path.
Constraint: d1.
4: a Integer Input
On entry: if a=0, a free Wiener process is created and diff is ignored.
If a=1, a non-free Wiener process is created where diff is the difference between the terminal value and the starting value of the process.
Constraint: a=0 or 1.
5: diff[d] const double Input
On entry: the difference between the terminal value and starting value of the Wiener process. If a=0, diff is ignored.
6: z[dim] double Input/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array z must be at least
  • pdz×npaths when order=Nag_RowMajor;
  • pdz×(d×(N+1-a)) when order=Nag_ColMajor.
The (i,j)th element of the matrix Z is stored in
  • z[(j-1)×pdz+i-1] when order=Nag_ColMajor;
  • z[(i-1)×pdz+j-1] when order=Nag_RowMajor.
On entry: the Normal random numbers used to construct the sample paths.
If quasi-random numbers are used, the d×(N+1-a)-dimensional quasi-random points should be stored in successive rows of Z.
On exit: the Normal random numbers premultiplied by c.
7: pdz Integer Input
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array z.
Constraints:
  • if order=Nag_RowMajor, pdzd×(N+1-a);
  • if order=Nag_ColMajor, pdznpaths.
8: c[dim] const double Input
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array c must be at least pdc×d.
The (i,j)th element of the matrix C is stored in c[(j-1)×pdc+i-1].
On entry: the lower triangular Cholesky factorization C such that CCT gives the covariance matrix of the Wiener process. Elements of C above the diagonal are not referenced.
9: pdc Integer Input
On entry: the stride separating matrix row elements in the array c.
Constraint: pdcd.
10: b[dim] double Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array b must be at least
  • pdb×npaths when order=Nag_RowMajor;
  • pdb×(d×(N+1)) when order=Nag_ColMajor.
The (i,j)th element of the matrix B is stored in
  • b[(j-1)×pdb+i-1] when order=Nag_ColMajor;
  • b[(i-1)×pdb+j-1] when order=Nag_RowMajor.
On exit: the scaled Wiener increments.
Let Xp,ik denote the kth dimension of the ith point of the pth sample path where 1kd, 1iN+1 and 1pnpaths. The increment (Xp,ik-Xp,i-1k)(ti-ti-1) is stored at B(p,k+(i-1)×d).
11: pdb Integer Input
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array b.
Constraints:
  • if order=Nag_RowMajor, pdbd×(N+1);
  • if order=Nag_ColMajor, pdbnpaths.
12: rcomm[dim] const double Communication Array
Note: the dimension, dim, of this array is dictated by the requirements of associated functions that must have been previously called. This array MUST be the same array passed as argument rcomm in the previous call to g05xcc or g05xdc.
On entry: communication array as returned by the last call to g05xcc or g05xdc. This array MUST NOT be directly modified.
13: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_ARRAY_SIZE
On entry, pdb=value and d×(ntimes+1)=value.
Constraint: pdbd×(ntimes+1).
On entry, pdb=value and npaths=value.
Constraint: pdbnpaths.
On entry, pdc=value.
Constraint: pdcvalue.
On entry, pdz=value and d×(ntimes+1-a)=value.
Constraint: pdzd×(ntimes+1-a).
On entry, pdz=value and npaths=value.
Constraint: pdznpaths.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument value had an illegal value.
NE_ILLEGAL_COMM
On entry, rcomm was not initialized or has been corrupted.
NE_INT
On entry, a=value.
Constraint: a=0​ or ​1.
On entry, d=value.
Constraint: d1.
On entry, npaths=value.
Constraint: npaths1.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

Not applicable.

8 Parallelism and Performance

g05xdc is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
g05xdc makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

None.

10 Example

The scaled Wiener increments produced by this function can be used to compute numerical solutions to stochastic differential equations (SDEs) driven by (free or non-free) Wiener processes. Consider an SDE of the form
d Yt = f(t,Yt) dt + σ(t,Yt) dXt  
on the interval [t0,T] where (Xt) t0 tT is a (free or non-free) Wiener process and f and σ are suitable functions. A numerical solution to this SDE can be obtained by the Euler–Maruyama method. For any discretization t0 < t1 < t2 << tN+1=T of [t0,T] , set
Y ti+1 = Y ti + f (ti,Yti) (ti+1-ti) + σ (ti,Yti) (Xti+1-Xti)  
for i=1,,N so that YtN+1 is an approximation to YT. The scaled Wiener increments produced by g05xdc can be used in the Euler–Maruyama scheme outlined above by writing
Yti+1 = Yti + (ti+1-ti) (f(ti,Yti)+σ(ti,Yti)( Xti+1 - Xti ti+1 - ti )) .  
The following example program uses this method to solve the SDE for geometric Brownian motion
d St = rSt dt + σSt dXt  
where X is a Wiener process, and compares the results against the analytic solution
ST = S0 exp ((r-σ2/2)T+σXT) .  
Quasi-random variates are used to construct the Wiener increments.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (g05xdce.c)

10.2 Program Data

None.

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (g05xdce.r)