1: $u$ – double Input: On entry: $u$ , the coefficient of $z^{3}$ .

Constraint: $u \neq 0.0$ .
2: $r$ – double Input: On entry: $r$ , the coefficient of $z^{2}$ .
3: $s$ – double Input: On entry: $s$ , the coefficient of $z$ .
4: $t$ – double Input: On entry: $t$ , the constant coefficient.
5: $zeror [3]$ – double Output
6: $zeroi [3]$ – double Output: On exit: $zeror [i - 1]$ and $zeroi [i - 1]$ contain the real and imaginary parts, respectively, of the $i$ th root.
7: $errest [3]$ – double Output: On exit: $errest [i - 1]$ contains an approximate error estimate for the $i$ th root.
8: $fail$ – NagError * Input/Output: The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_C02_NOT_CONV: The iterative procedure used to determine the eigenvalues has failed to converge.
NE_C02_OVERFLOW: The companion matrix $H$ cannot be formed without overflow.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR: An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
NE_REAL: On entry, $u = 0.0$ .
Constraint: $u \neq 0.0$ .

7 Accuracy

fail . code = NE_NOERROR

on exit, then the

i

th computed root should have approximately

| \log_{10} (errest [i - 1]) |

correct significant digits.

c02akc is not threaded in any implementation.

The method used by the function consists of the following steps, which are performed by functions from LAPACK.

(a)Form $H$ .
(b)Apply a diagonal similarity transformation to $H$ (to give $H^{'}$ ).
(c)Calculate the eigenvalues and Schur factorization of $H^{'}$ .
(d)Calculate the left and right eigenvectors of $H^{'}$ .
(e)Estimate reciprocal condition numbers for all the eigenvalues of $H^{'}$ .
(f)Calculate approximate error estimates for all the eigenvalues of $H^{'}$ (using the 1-norm).

To find the roots of the cubic equation

z^{3} + 3 z^{2} + 9 z - 13 = 0 .

c02ak: FL CL CPP AD