NAG Library Routine Document

g01tff  (inv_cdf_gamma_vector)

 Contents

    1  Purpose
    7  Accuracy

1
Purpose

g01tff returns a number of deviates associated with given probabilities of the gamma distribution.

2
Specification

Fortran Interface
Subroutine g01tff ( ltail, tail, lp, p, la, a, lb, b, tol, g, ivalid, ifail)
Integer, Intent (In):: ltail, lp, la, lb
Integer, Intent (Inout):: ifail
Integer, Intent (Out):: ivalid(*)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In):: p(lp), a(la), b(lb), tol
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out):: g(*)
Character (1), Intent (In):: tail(ltail)
C Header Interface
#include nagmk26.h
void  g01tff_ ( const Integer *ltail, const char tail[], const Integer *lp, const double p[], const Integer *la, const double a[], const Integer *lb, const double b[], const double *tol, double g[], Integer ivalid[], Integer *ifail, const Charlen length_tail)

3
Description

The deviate, gpi, associated with the lower tail probability, pi, of the gamma distribution with shape parameter αi and scale parameter βi, is defined as the solution to
P Gi gpi :αi,βi = pi = 1 βi αi Γ αi 0 gpi ei - Gi / βi Gi αi-1 dGi ,   0 gpi < ; ​ αi , βi > 0 .  
The method used is described by Best and Roberts (1975) making use of the relationship between the gamma distribution and the χ2-distribution.
Let yi=2 gpiβi . The required yi is found from the Taylor series expansion
yi=y0+rCry0 r! Eiϕy0 r,  
where y0 is a starting approximation
For most values of pi and αi the starting value
y01=2αi zi19αi +1-19αi 3  
is used, where zi is the deviate associated with a lower tail probability of pi for the standard Normal distribution.
For pi close to zero,
y02= piαi2αiΓ αi 1/αi  
is used.
For large pi values, when y01>4.4αi+6.0,
y03=-2ln1-pi-αi-1ln12y01+lnΓ αi  
is found to be a better starting value than y01.
For small αi αi0.16, pi is expressed in terms of an approximation to the exponential integral and y04 is found by Newton–Raphson iterations.
Seven terms of the Taylor series are used to refine the starting approximation, repeating the process if necessary until the required accuracy is obtained.
The input arrays to this routine are designed to allow maximum flexibility in the supply of vector arguments by re-using elements of any arrays that are shorter than the total number of evaluations required. See Section 2.6 in the G01 Chapter Introduction for further information.

4
References

Best D J and Roberts D E (1975) Algorithm AS 91. The percentage points of the χ2 distribution Appl. Statist. 24 385–388

5
Arguments

1:     ltail – IntegerInput
On entry: the length of the array tail.
Constraint: ltail>0.
2:     tailltail – Character(1) arrayInput
On entry: indicates which tail the supplied probabilities represent. For j= i-1 mod ltail +1 , for i=1,2,,maxltail,lp,la,lb:
tailj='L'
The lower tail probability, i.e., pi = P Gi gpi : αi , βi .
tailj='U'
The upper tail probability, i.e., pi = P Gi gpi : αi , βi .
Constraint: tailj='L' or 'U', for j=1,2,,ltail.
3:     lp – IntegerInput
On entry: the length of the array p.
Constraint: lp>0.
4:     plp – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: pi, the probability of the required gamma distribution as defined by tail with pi=pj, j=i-1 mod lp+1.
Constraints:
  • if tailk='L', 0.0pj<1.0;
  • otherwise 0.0<pj1.0.
Where k=i-1 mod ltail+1 and j=i-1 mod lp+1.
5:     la – IntegerInput
On entry: the length of the array a.
Constraint: la>0.
6:     ala – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: αi, the first parameter of the required gamma distribution with αi=aj, j=i-1 mod la+1.
Constraint: 0.0<aj106, for j=1,2,,la.
7:     lb – IntegerInput
On entry: the length of the array b.
Constraint: lb>0.
8:     blb – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: βi, the second parameter of the required gamma distribution with βi=bj, j=i-1 mod lb+1.
Constraint: bj>0.0, for j=1,2,,lb.
9:     tol – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the relative accuracy required by you in the results. If g01tff is entered with tol greater than or equal to 1.0 or less than 10×machine precision (see x02ajf), the value of 10×machine precision is used instead.
10:   g* – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
Note: the dimension of the array g must be at least maxltail,lp,la,lb.
On exit: gpi, the deviates for the gamma distribution.
11:   ivalid* – Integer arrayOutput
Note: the dimension of the array ivalid must be at least maxltail,lp,la,lb.
On exit: ivalidi indicates any errors with the input arguments, with
ivalidi=0
No error.
ivalidi=1
On entry,invalid value supplied in tail when calculating gpi.
ivalidi=2
On entry,invalid value for pi.
ivalidi=3
On entry,αi0.0,
orαi>106,
orβi0.0.
ivalidi=4
pi is too close to 0.0 or 1.0 to enable the result to be calculated.
ivalidi=5
The solution has failed to converge. The result may be a reasonable approximation.
12:   ifail – IntegerInput/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, -1​ or ​1. If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to Section 3.4 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value -1​ or ​1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, because for this routine the values of the output arguments may be useful even if ifail0 on exit, the recommended value is -1. When the value -1​ or ​1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6
Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or -1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Note: g01tff may return useful information for one or more of the following detected errors or warnings.
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
ifail=1
On entry, at least one value of tail, p, a, or b was invalid.
Check ivalid for more information.
ifail=2
On entry, array size=value.
Constraint: ltail>0.
ifail=3
On entry, array size=value.
Constraint: lp>0.
ifail=4
On entry, array size=value.
Constraint: la>0.
ifail=5
On entry, array size=value.
Constraint: lb>0.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 3.9 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 3.8 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

7
Accuracy

In most cases the relative accuracy of the results should be as specified by tol. However, for very small values of αi or very small values of pi there may be some loss of accuracy.

8
Parallelism and Performance

g01tff is not threaded in any implementation.

9
Further Comments

None.

10
Example

This example reads lower tail probabilities for several gamma distributions, and calculates and prints the corresponding deviates until the end of data is reached.

10.1
Program Text

Program Text (g01tffe.f90)

10.2
Program Data

Program Data (g01tffe.d)

10.3
Program Results

Program Results (g01tffe.r)

© The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd, Oxford, UK. 2017