# NAG Library Routine Document

## 1Purpose

g02gdf fits a generalized linear model with gamma errors.

## 2Specification

Fortran Interface
 Subroutine g02gdf ( link, mean, n, x, ldx, m, isx, ip, y, wt, s, a, dev, idf, b, se, cov, v, ldv, tol, eps, wk,
 Integer, Intent (In) :: n, ldx, m, isx(m), ip, ldv, maxit, iprint Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ifail Integer, Intent (Out) :: idf, irank Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: x(ldx,m), y(n), wt(*), a, tol, eps Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: s, v(ldv,ip+7) Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: dev, b(ip), se(ip), cov(ip*(ip+1)/2), wk((ip*ip+3*ip+22)/2) Character (1), Intent (In) :: link, mean, offset, weight
#include nagmk26.h
 void g02gdf_ (const char *link, const char *mean, const char *offset, const char *weight, const Integer *n, const double x[], const Integer *ldx, const Integer *m, const Integer isx[], const Integer *ip, const double y[], const double wt[], double *s, const double *a, double *dev, Integer *idf, double b[], Integer *irank, double se[], double cov[], double v[], const Integer *ldv, const double *tol, const Integer *maxit, const Integer *iprint, const double *eps, double wk[], Integer *ifail, const Charlen length_link, const Charlen length_mean, const Charlen length_offset, const Charlen length_weight)

## 3Description

A generalized linear model with gamma errors consists of the following elements:
(a) a set of $n$ observations, ${y}_{i}$, from a gamma distribution with probability density function:
 $1Γν νy μ νexp-νy μ 1y$
$\nu$ being constant for the sample.
(b) $X$, a set of $p$ independent variables for each observation, ${x}_{1},{x}_{2},\dots ,{x}_{p}$.
(c) a linear model:
 $η=∑βjxj.$
(d) a link between the linear predictor, $\eta$, and the mean of the distribution, $\mu$, $\eta =g\left(\mu \right)$. The possible link functions are:
 (i) exponent link: $\eta ={\mu }^{a}$, for a constant $a$, (ii) identity link: $\eta =\mu$, (iii) log link: $\eta =\mathrm{log}\mu$, (iv) square root link: $\eta =\sqrt{\mu }$, (v) reciprocal link: $\eta =\frac{1}{\mu }$.
(e) a measure of fit, an adjusted deviance. This is a function related to the deviance, but defined for $y=0$:
 $∑i=1ndev*yi,μ^i=∑i=1n2 logμ^i+yiμ^i .$
The linear arguments are estimated by iterative weighted least squares. An adjusted dependent variable, $z$, is formed:
 $z=η+y-μdη dμ$
and a working weight, $w$,
 $w= τdη dμ 2 , where τ=1μ.$
At each iteration an approximation to the estimate of $\beta$, $\stackrel{^}{\beta }$ is found by the weighted least squares regression of $z$ on $X$ with weights $w$.
g02gdf finds a $QR$ decomposition of ${w}^{\frac{1}{2}}X$, i.e.,
• ${w}^{\frac{1}{2}}X=QR$ where $R$ is a $p$ by $p$ triangular matrix and $Q$ is an $n$ by $p$ column orthogonal matrix.
If $R$ is of full rank then $\stackrel{^}{\beta }$ is the solution to:
• $R\stackrel{^}{\beta }={Q}^{\mathrm{T}}{w}^{\frac{1}{2}}z$
If $R$ is not of full rank a solution is obtained by means of a singular value decomposition (SVD) of $R$.
 $R=Q* D 0 0 0 PT.$
where $D$ is a $k$ by $k$ diagonal matrix with nonzero diagonal elements, $k$ being the rank of $R$ and ${w}^{\frac{1}{2}}X$.
This gives the solution
 $β^=P1D-1 Q* 0 0 I QTw12z,$
where ${P}_{1}$ is the first $k$ columns of $P$, i.e., $P=\left({P}_{1}{P}_{0}\right)$.
The iterations are continued until there is only a small change in the deviance.
The initial values for the algorithm are obtained by taking
 $η^=gy.$
The scale argument, ${\nu }^{-1}$ is estimated by a moment estimator:
 $ν^ -1 = ∑ i=1 n yi - μ^i / μ^ 2 n-k .$
The fit of the model can be assessed by examining and testing the deviance, in particular, by comparing the difference in deviance between nested models, i.e., when one model is a sub-model of the other. The difference in deviance or adjusted deviance between two nested models with known $\nu$ has, asymptotically, a ${\chi }^{2}$-distribution with degrees of freedom given by the difference in the degrees of freedom associated with the two deviances.
The arguments estimates, $\stackrel{^}{\beta }$, are asymptotically Normally distributed with variance-covariance matrix:
• $C={R}^{-1}{{R}^{-1}}^{\mathrm{T}}{\nu }^{-1}$ in the full rank case, otherwise
• $C={P}_{1}{D}^{-2}{P}_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}{\nu }^{-1}$.
The residuals and influence statistics can also be examined.
The estimated linear predictor $\stackrel{^}{\eta }=X\stackrel{^}{\beta }$, can be written as $H{w}^{\frac{1}{2}}z$ for an $n$ by $n$ matrix $H$. The $i$th diagonal elements of $H$, ${h}_{i}$, give a measure of the influence of the $i$th values of the independent variables on the fitted regression model. These are known as leverages.
The fitted values are given by $\stackrel{^}{\mu }={g}^{-1}\left(\stackrel{^}{\eta }\right)$.
g02gdf also computes the Anscombe residuals, $r$:
 $ri = 3 y i 13 - μ^ i 13 μ^ i 13 .$
An option allows the use of prior weights, ${\omega }_{i}$. This gives a model with:
 $νi = νωi .$
In many linear regression models the first term is taken as a mean term or an intercept, i.e., ${x}_{i,1}=1$, for $i=1,2,\dots ,n$. This is provided as an option.
Often only some of the possible independent variables are included in a model, the facility to select variables to be included in the model is provided.
If part of the linear predictor can be represented by a variables with a known coefficient then this can be included in the model by using an offset, $o$:
 $η = o + ∑ βj xj .$
If the model is not of full rank the solution given will be only one of the possible solutions. Other estimates may be obtained by applying constraints to the arguments. These solutions can be obtained by using g02gkf after using g02gdf. Only certain linear combinations of the arguments will have unique estimates, these are known as estimable functions, and can be estimated and tested using g02gnf.
Details of the SVD are made available in the form of the matrix ${P}^{*}$:
 $P* = D-1 P1T P0T .$

## 4References

Cook R D and Weisberg S (1982) Residuals and Influence in Regression Chapman and Hall
McCullagh P and Nelder J A (1983) Generalized Linear Models Chapman and Hall

## 5Arguments

On entry: indicates which link function is to be used.
${\mathbf{link}}=\text{'E'}$
${\mathbf{link}}=\text{'I'}$
${\mathbf{link}}=\text{'L'}$
${\mathbf{link}}=\text{'S'}$
A square root link is used.
${\mathbf{link}}=\text{'R'}$
Constraint: ${\mathbf{link}}=\text{'E'}$, $\text{'I'}$, $\text{'L'}$, $\text{'S'}$ or $\text{'R'}$.
2:     $\mathbf{mean}$ – Character(1)Input
On entry: indicates if a mean term is to be included.
${\mathbf{mean}}=\text{'M'}$
A mean term, intercept, will be included in the model.
${\mathbf{mean}}=\text{'Z'}$
The model will pass through the origin, zero-point.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{mean}}=\text{'M'}$ or $\text{'Z'}$.
3:     $\mathbf{offset}$ – Character(1)Input
On entry: indicates if an offset is required.
${\mathbf{offset}}=\text{'Y'}$
An offset is required and the offsets must be supplied in the seventh column of v.
${\mathbf{offset}}=\text{'N'}$
No offset is required.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{offset}}=\text{'Y'}$ or $\text{'N'}$.
4:     $\mathbf{weight}$ – Character(1)Input
On entry: indicates if prior weights are to be used.
${\mathbf{weight}}=\text{'U'}$
No prior weights are used.
${\mathbf{weight}}=\text{'W'}$
Prior weights are used and weights must be supplied in wt.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{weight}}=\text{'U'}$ or $\text{'W'}$.
5:     $\mathbf{n}$ – IntegerInput
On entry: $n$, the number of observations.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 2$.
6:     $\mathbf{x}\left({\mathbf{ldx}},{\mathbf{m}}\right)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: ${\mathbf{x}}\left(\mathit{i},\mathit{j}\right)$ must contain the $\mathit{i}$th observation for the $\mathit{j}$th independent variable, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,{\mathbf{n}}$ and $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,{\mathbf{m}}$.
7:     $\mathbf{ldx}$ – IntegerInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array x as declared in the (sub)program from which g02gdf is called.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{ldx}}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$.
8:     $\mathbf{m}$ – IntegerInput
On entry: $m$, the total number of independent variables.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{m}}\ge 1$.
9:     $\mathbf{isx}\left({\mathbf{m}}\right)$ – Integer arrayInput
On entry: indicates which independent variables are to be included in the model.
If ${\mathbf{isx}}\left(j\right)>0$, the variable contained in the $j$th column of x is included in the regression model.
Constraints:
• ${\mathbf{isx}}\left(\mathit{j}\right)\ge 0$, for $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,{\mathbf{m}}$;
• if ${\mathbf{mean}}=\text{'M'}$, exactly ${\mathbf{ip}}-1$ values of isx must be $\text{}>0$;
• if ${\mathbf{mean}}=\text{'Z'}$, exactly ip values of isx must be $\text{}>0$.
10:   $\mathbf{ip}$ – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of independent variables in the model, including the mean or intercept if present.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{ip}}>0$.
11:   $\mathbf{y}\left({\mathbf{n}}\right)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: $y$, the dependent variable.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{y}}\left(\mathit{i}\right)\ge 0.0$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
12:   $\mathbf{wt}\left(*\right)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
Note: the dimension of the array wt must be at least ${\mathbf{n}}$ if ${\mathbf{weight}}=\text{'W'}$.
On entry: if ${\mathbf{weight}}=\text{'W'}$, wt must contain the weights to be used in the weighted regression. If ${\mathbf{wt}}\left(i\right)=0.0$, the $i$th observation is not included in the model, in which case the effective number of observations is the number of observations with nonzero weights.
If ${\mathbf{weight}}=\text{'U'}$, wt is not referenced and the effective number of observations is $n$.
Constraint: if ${\mathbf{weight}}=\text{'W'}$, ${\mathbf{wt}}\left(\mathit{i}\right)\ge 0.0$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
13:   $\mathbf{s}$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input/Output
On entry: the scale argument for the gamma model, ${\nu }^{-1}$.
${\mathbf{s}}=0.0$
The scale argument is estimated with the routine using the formula described in Section 3.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{s}}\ge 0.0$.
On exit: if on input ${\mathbf{s}}=0.0$, s contains the estimated value of the scale argument, ${\stackrel{^}{\nu }}^{-1}$.
If on input ${\mathbf{s}}\ne 0.0$, s is unchanged on exit.
14:   $\mathbf{a}$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: if ${\mathbf{link}}=\text{'E'}$, a must contain the power of the exponential.
If ${\mathbf{link}}\ne \text{'E'}$, a is not referenced.
Constraint: if ${\mathbf{link}}=\text{'E'}$, ${\mathbf{a}}\ne 0.0$.
15:   $\mathbf{dev}$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Output
On exit: the adjusted deviance for the fitted model.
16:   $\mathbf{idf}$ – IntegerOutput
On exit: the degrees of freedom asociated with the deviance for the fitted model.
17:   $\mathbf{b}\left({\mathbf{ip}}\right)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the estimates of the parameters of the generalized linear model, $\stackrel{^}{\beta }$.
If ${\mathbf{mean}}=\text{'M'}$, the first element of b will contain the estimate of the mean parameter and ${\mathbf{b}}\left(i+1\right)$ will contain the coefficient of the variable contained in column $j$ of ${\mathbf{x}}$, where ${\mathbf{isx}}\left(j\right)$ is the $i$th positive value in the array isx.
If ${\mathbf{mean}}=\text{'Z'}$, ${\mathbf{b}}\left(i\right)$ will contain the coefficient of the variable contained in column $j$ of ${\mathbf{x}}$, where ${\mathbf{isx}}\left(j\right)$ is the $i$th positive value in the array isx.
18:   $\mathbf{irank}$ – IntegerOutput
On exit: the rank of the independent variables.
If the model is of full rank then ${\mathbf{irank}}={\mathbf{ip}}$.
If the model is not of full rank then irank is an estimate of the rank of the independent variables. irank is calculated as the number of singular values greater that ${\mathbf{eps}}×\text{}$(largest singular value). It is possible for the SVD to be carried out but for irank to be returned as ip.
19:   $\mathbf{se}\left({\mathbf{ip}}\right)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the standard errors of the linear parameters.
${\mathbf{se}}\left(\mathit{i}\right)$ contains the standard error of the parameter estimate in ${\mathbf{b}}\left(\mathit{i}\right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,{\mathbf{ip}}$.
20:   $\mathbf{cov}\left({\mathbf{ip}}×\left({\mathbf{ip}}+1\right)/2\right)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the upper triangular part of the variance-covariance matrix of the ip parameter estimates given in b. They are stored in packed form by column, i.e., the covariance between the parameter estimate given in ${\mathbf{b}}\left(i\right)$ and the parameter estimate given in ${\mathbf{b}}\left(j\right)$, $j\ge i$, is stored in ${\mathbf{cov}}\left(\left(j×\left(j-1\right)/2+i\right)\right)$.
21:   $\mathbf{v}\left({\mathbf{ldv}},{\mathbf{ip}}+7\right)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
On entry: if ${\mathbf{offset}}=\text{'N'}$, v need not be set.
If ${\mathbf{offset}}=\text{'Y'}$, ${\mathbf{v}}\left(\mathit{i},7\right)$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$, must contain the offset values ${o}_{\mathit{i}}$. All other values need not be set.
On exit: auxiliary information on the fitted model.
 ${\mathbf{v}}\left(i,1\right)$ contains the linear predictor value, ${\eta }_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$. ${\mathbf{v}}\left(i,2\right)$ contains the fitted value, ${\stackrel{^}{\mu }}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$. ${\mathbf{v}}\left(i,3\right)$ contains the variance standardization, $\frac{1}{{\tau }_{\mathit{i}}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$. ${\mathbf{v}}\left(i,4\right)$ contains the square root of the working weight, ${w}_{\mathit{i}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$. ${\mathbf{v}}\left(i,5\right)$ contains the Anscombe residual, ${r}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$. ${\mathbf{v}}\left(i,6\right)$ contains the leverage, ${h}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$. ${\mathbf{v}}\left(i,7\right)$ contains the offset, ${o}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$. If ${\mathbf{offset}}=\text{'N'}$, all values will be zero. ${\mathbf{v}}\left(i,j\right)$, for $j=8,\dots ,{\mathbf{ip}}+7$, contains the results of the $QR$ decomposition or the singular value decomposition.
If the model is not of full rank, i.e., ${\mathbf{irank}}<{\mathbf{ip}}$, the first ip rows of columns $8$ to ${\mathbf{ip}}+7$ contain the ${P}^{*}$ matrix.
22:   $\mathbf{ldv}$ – IntegerInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array v as declared in the (sub)program from which g02gdf is called.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{ldv}}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$.
23:   $\mathbf{tol}$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: indicates the accuracy required for the fit of the model.
The iterative weighted least squares procedure is deemed to have converged if the absolute change in deviance between iterations is less than ${\mathbf{tol}}×\left(1.0+\text{Current Deviance}\right)$. This is approximately an absolute precision if the deviance is small and a relative precision if the deviance is large.
If  then the routine will use  instead.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{tol}}\ge 0.0$.
24:   $\mathbf{maxit}$ – IntegerInput
On entry: the maximum number of iterations for the iterative weighted least squares.
${\mathbf{maxit}}=0$
A default value of $10$ is used.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{maxit}}\ge 0$.
25:   $\mathbf{iprint}$ – IntegerInput
On entry: indicates if the printing of information on the iterations is required.
${\mathbf{iprint}}\le 0$
There is no printing.
${\mathbf{iprint}}>0$
Every iprint iteration, the following are printed:
• the deviance;
• the current estimates;
• and if the weighted least squares equations are singular then this is indicated.
When printing occurs the output is directed to the current advisory message unit (see x04abf).
26:   $\mathbf{eps}$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the value of eps is used to decide if the independent variables are of full rank and, if not, what is the rank of the independent variables. The smaller the value of eps the stricter the criterion for selecting the singular value decomposition.
If  then the routine will use machine precision instead.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{eps}}\ge 0.0$.
27:   $\mathbf{wk}\left(\left({\mathbf{ip}}×{\mathbf{ip}}+3×{\mathbf{ip}}+22\right)/2\right)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayWorkspace
28:   $\mathbf{ifail}$ – IntegerInput/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to $0$, $-1\text{​ or ​}1$. If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to Section 3.4 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value $-1\text{​ or ​}1$ is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, because for this routine the values of the output arguments may be useful even if ${\mathbf{ifail}}\ne {\mathbf{0}}$ on exit, the recommended value is $-1$. When the value $-\mathbf{1}\text{​ or ​}1$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ${\mathbf{ifail}}={\mathbf{0}}$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

## 6Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ${\mathbf{ifail}}=0$ or $-1$, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Note: g02gdf may return useful information for one or more of the following detected errors or warnings.
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
${\mathbf{ifail}}=1$
On entry, ${\mathbf{a}}=0.0$ and ${\mathbf{link}}=\text{'E'}$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{eps}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{eps}}\ge 0.0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{ip}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{ip}}\ge 1$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{ldv}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{ldv}}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{ldx}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{ldx}}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{link}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{link}}=\text{'E'}$, $\text{'I'}$, $\text{'L'}$, $\text{'S'}$ or $\text{'R'}$
On entry, ${\mathbf{m}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{m}}\ge 1$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{maxit}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{maxit}}\ge 0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{mean}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{mean}}=\text{'M'}$ or $\text{'Z'}$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 2$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{offset}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{offset}}=\text{'Y'}$ or $\text{'N'}$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{s}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{s}}\ge 0.0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{tol}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{tol}}\ge 0.0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{weight}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{weight}}=\text{'W'}$ or $\text{'U'}$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=2$
On entry, ${\mathbf{wt}}\left(〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉\right)<0.0$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{wt}}\left(i\right)\ge 0.0$, for $i=1,2,\dots ,n$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=3$
Number of requested x-variables greater than n.
On entry, ip incompatible with number of nonzero values of isx: ${\mathbf{ip}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{isx}}\left(〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉\right)<0$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{isx}}\left(j\right)\ge 0.0$, for $j=1,2,\dots ,{\mathbf{m}}$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=4$
On entry, ${\mathbf{y}}\left(〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉\right)=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{y}}\left(i\right)\le 0.0$, for $i=1,2,\dots ,n$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=5$
A fitted value is at the boundary, i.e., $\stackrel{^}{\mu }=0.0$. This may occur if there are $y$ values of $0.0$ and the model is too complex for the data. The model should be reformulated with, perhaps, some observations dropped.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=6$
SVD solution failed to converge.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=7$
The iterative weighted least squares has failed to converge in maxit (or default $10$) iterations. The value of maxit could be increased but it may be advantageous to examine the convergence using the iprint option. This may indicate that the convergence is slow because the solution is at a boundary in which case it may be better to reformulate the model.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=8$
The rank of the model has changed during the weighted least squares iterations. The estimate for $\beta$ returned may be reasonable, but you should check how the deviance has changed during iterations.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=9$
The degrees of freedom for error are $0$. A saturated model has been fitted.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-99$
See Section 3.9 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-399$
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 3.8 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-999$
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

## 7Accuracy

The accuracy depends on tol as described in Section 5. As the adjusted deviance is a function of $\mathrm{log}\mu$, the accuracy of the $\stackrel{^}{\beta }$s will be a function of tol, so tol should be set to a smaller value than the accuracy required for $\stackrel{^}{\beta }$.

## 8Parallelism and Performance

g02gdf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
g02gdf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

None.

## 10Example

A set of $10$ observations from two groups is input and a model for the two groups is fitted.

### 10.1Program Text

Program Text (g02gdfe.f90)

### 10.2Program Data

Program Data (g02gdfe.d)

### 10.3Program Results

Program Results (g02gdfe.r)

© The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd, Oxford, UK. 2017