NAG Library Routine Document

g01kff (pdf_gamma)

 Contents

    1  Purpose
    7  Accuracy

1
Purpose

g01kff returns the value of the probability density function (PDF) for the gamma distribution with shape argument α and scale argument β at a point x.

2
Specification

Fortran Interface
Function g01kff ( x, a, b, ifail)
Real (Kind=nag_wp):: g01kff
Integer, Intent (Inout):: ifail
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In):: x, a, b
C Header Interface
#include nagmk26.h
double  g01kff_ (const double *x, const double *a, const double *b, Integer *ifail)

3
Description

The gamma distribution has PDF
fx= 1βαΓα xα-1e-x/β if ​x0;  α,β>0 fx=0 otherwise.  
If 0.01x,α,β100 then an algorithm based directly on the gamma distribution's PDF is used. For values outside this range, the function is calculated via the Poisson distribution's PDF as described in Loader (2000) (see Section 9).

4
References

Loader C (2000) Fast and accurate computation of binomial probabilities (not yet published)

5
Arguments

1:     x – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: x, the value at which the PDF is to be evaluated.
2:     a – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: α, the shape argument of the gamma distribution.
Constraint: a>0.0.
3:     b – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: β, the scale argument of the gamma distribution.
Constraints:
  • b>0.0;
  • xb<1x02amf.
4:     ifail – IntegerInput/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, -1​ or ​1. If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to Section 3.4 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value -1​ or ​1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this argument, the recommended value is 0. When the value -1​ or ​1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6
Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or -1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
If ifail0, then g01kff returns 0.0.
ifail=1
On entry, a=value.
Constraint: a>0.0.
ifail=2
On entry, b=value.
Constraint: b>0.0.
ifail=3
Computation abandoned owing to overflow due to extreme parameter values.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 3.9 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 3.8 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

7
Accuracy

Not applicable.

8
Parallelism and Performance

g01kff is not threaded in any implementation.

9
Further Comments

Due to the lack of a stable link to Loader (2000) paper, we give a brief overview of the method, as applied to the Poisson distribution. The Poisson distribution has a continuous mass function given by,
px;λ = λx x! e-λ . (1)
The usual way of computing this quantity would be to take the logarithm and calculate,
logx;λ = x logλ - log x! - λ .  
For large x and λ, xlogλ and logx! are very large, of the same order of magnitude and when calculated have rounding errors. The subtraction of these two terms can therefore result in a number, many orders of magnitude smaller and hence we lose accuracy due to subtraction errors. For example for x=2×106 and λ=2×106, logx!2.7×107 and logpx;λ=-8.17326744645834. But calculated with the method shown later we have logpx;λ=-8.1732674441334492. The difference between these two results suggests a loss of about 7 significant figures of precision.
Loader introduces an alternative way of expressing (1) based on the saddle point expansion,
log p x;λ = log p x;x - Dx;λ , (2)
where Dx;λ, the deviance for the Poisson distribution is given by,
Dx;λ = log p x;x - log p x;λ , = λ D0 x λ , (3)
and
D0 ε = ε logε + 1 - ε .  
For ε close to 1, D0ε can be evaluated through the series expansion
λ D0 x λ = x-λ 2 x+λ + 2x j=1 v 2j+1 2j+1 ,  where ​ v = x-λ x+λ ,  
otherwise D0ε can be evaluated directly. In addition, Loader suggests evaluating logx! using the Stirling–De Moivre series,
logx! = 12 log 2πx + x logx -x + δx , (4)
where the error δx is given by
δx = 112x - 1 360x3 + 1 1260x5 + O x-7 .  
Finally logpx;λ can be evaluated by combining equations (1)(4) to get,
p x;λ = 1 2πx e - δx - λ D0 x/λ .  

10
Example

This example prints the value of the gamma distribution PDF at six different points x with differing a and b.

10.1
Program Text

Program Text (g01kffe.f90)

10.2
Program Data

Program Data (g01kffe.d)

10.3
Program Results

Program Results (g01kffe.r)

GnuplotProduced by GNUPLOT 4.6 patchlevel 3 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 y x Example Program Plots of the Gamma Distribution α=2, β=2 α=9, β=0.5 gnuplot_plot_1 gnuplot_plot_2
© The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd, Oxford, UK. 2017