S30ABF (PDF version)
S Chapter Contents
S Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

NAG Library Routine Document

S30ABF

Note:  before using this routine, please read the Users' Note for your implementation to check the interpretation of bold italicised terms and other implementation-dependent details.

 Contents

    1  Purpose
    7  Accuracy

1  Purpose

S30ABF computes the European option price given by the Black–Scholes–Merton formula together with its sensitivities (Greeks).

2  Specification

SUBROUTINE S30ABF ( CALPUT, M, N, X, S, T, SIGMA, R, Q, P, LDP, DELTA, GAMMA, VEGA, THETA, RHO, CRHO, VANNA, CHARM, SPEED, COLOUR, ZOMMA, VOMMA, IFAIL)
INTEGER  M, N, LDP, IFAIL
REAL (KIND=nag_wp)  X(M), S, T(N), SIGMA, R, Q, P(LDP,N), DELTA(LDP,N), GAMMA(LDP,N), VEGA(LDP,N), THETA(LDP,N), RHO(LDP,N), CRHO(LDP,N), VANNA(LDP,N), CHARM(LDP,N), SPEED(LDP,N), COLOUR(LDP,N), ZOMMA(LDP,N), VOMMA(LDP,N)
CHARACTER(1)  CALPUT

3  Description

S30ABF computes the price of a European call (or put) option together with the Greeks or sensitivities, which are the partial derivatives of the option price with respect to certain of the other input parameters, by the Black–Scholes–Merton formula (see Black and Scholes (1973) and Merton (1973)). The annual volatility, σ, risk-free interest rate, r, and dividend yield, q, must be supplied as input. For a given strike price, X, the price of a European call with underlying price, S, and time to expiry, T, is
Pcall = Se-qT Φd1 - Xe-rT Φd2  
and the corresponding European put price is
Pput = Xe-rT Φ-d2 - Se-qT Φ-d1  
and where Φ denotes the cumulative Normal distribution function,
Φx = 12π - x exp -y2/2 dy  
and
d1 = ln S/X + r-q+ σ2 / 2 T σT , d2 = d1 - σT .  
The option price Pij=PX=Xi,T=Tj is computed for each strike price in a set Xi, i=1,2,,m, and for each expiry time in a set Tj, j=1,2,,n.

4  References

Black F and Scholes M (1973) The pricing of options and corporate liabilities Journal of Political Economy 81 637–654
Merton R C (1973) Theory of rational option pricing Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 4 141–183

5  Parameters

1:     CALPUT – CHARACTER(1)Input
On entry: determines whether the option is a call or a put.
CALPUT='C'
A call; the holder has a right to buy.
CALPUT='P'
A put; the holder has a right to sell.
Constraint: CALPUT='C' or 'P'.
2:     M – INTEGERInput
On entry: the number of strike prices to be used.
Constraint: M1.
3:     N – INTEGERInput
On entry: the number of times to expiry to be used.
Constraint: N1.
4:     XM – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: Xi must contain Xi, the ith strike price, for i=1,2,,M.
Constraint: Xiz ​ and ​ Xi 1 / z , where z = X02AMF , the safe range parameter, for i=1,2,,M.
5:     S – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: S, the price of the underlying asset.
Constraint: Sz ​ and ​S1.0/z, where z=X02AMF, the safe range parameter.
6:     TN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: Ti must contain Ti, the ith time, in years, to expiry, for i=1,2,,N.
Constraint: Tiz, where z = X02AMF , the safe range parameter, for i=1,2,,N.
7:     SIGMA – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: σ, the volatility of the underlying asset. Note that a rate of 15% should be entered as 0.15.
Constraint: SIGMA>0.0.
8:     R – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: r, the annual risk-free interest rate, continuously compounded. Note that a rate of 5% should be entered as 0.05.
Constraint: R0.0.
9:     Q – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: q, the annual continuous yield rate. Note that a rate of 8% should be entered as 0.08.
Constraint: Q0.0.
10:   PLDPN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: Pij contains Pij, the option price evaluated for the strike price Xi at expiry Tj for i=1,2,,M and j=1,2,,N.
11:   LDP – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the arrays P, DELTA, GAMMA, VEGA, THETA, RHO, CRHO, VANNA, CHARM, SPEED, COLOUR, ZOMMA and VOMMA as declared in the (sub)program from which S30ABF is called.
Constraint: LDPM.
12:   DELTALDPN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the leading M×N part of the array DELTA contains the sensitivity, PS, of the option price to change in the price of the underlying asset.
13:   GAMMALDPN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the leading M×N part of the array GAMMA contains the sensitivity, 2PS2, of DELTA to change in the price of the underlying asset.
14:   VEGALDPN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: VEGAij, contains the first-order Greek measuring the sensitivity of the option price Pij to change in the volatility of the underlying asset, i.e., Pij σ , for i=1,2,,M and j=1,2,,N.
15:   THETALDPN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: THETAij, contains the first-order Greek measuring the sensitivity of the option price Pij to change in time, i.e., - Pij T , for i=1,2,,M and j=1,2,,N, where b=r-q.
16:   RHOLDPN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: RHOij, contains the first-order Greek measuring the sensitivity of the option price Pij to change in the annual risk-free interest rate, i.e., - Pij r , for i=1,2,,M and j=1,2,,N.
17:   CRHOLDPN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: CRHOij, contains the first-order Greek measuring the sensitivity of the option price Pij to change in the annual cost of carry rate, i.e., - Pij b , for i=1,2,,M and j=1,2,,N, where b=r-q.
18:   VANNALDPN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: VANNAij, contains the second-order Greek measuring the sensitivity of the first-order Greek Δij to change in the volatility of the asset price, i.e., - Δij T = - 2 Pij Sσ , for i=1,2,,M and j=1,2,,N.
19:   CHARMLDPN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: CHARMij, contains the second-order Greek measuring the sensitivity of the first-order Greek Δij to change in the time, i.e., - Δij T = - 2 Pij ST , for i=1,2,,M and j=1,2,,N.
20:   SPEEDLDPN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: SPEEDij, contains the third-order Greek measuring the sensitivity of the second-order Greek Γij to change in the price of the underlying asset, i.e., - Γij S = - 3 Pij S3 , for i=1,2,,M and j=1,2,,N.
21:   COLOURLDPN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: COLOURij, contains the third-order Greek measuring the sensitivity of the second-order Greek Γij to change in the time, i.e., - Γij T = - 3 Pij ST , for i=1,2,,M and j=1,2,,N.
22:   ZOMMALDPN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: ZOMMAij, contains the third-order Greek measuring the sensitivity of the second-order Greek Γij to change in the volatility of the underlying asset, i.e., - Γij σ = - 3 Pij S2σ , for i=1,2,,M and j=1,2,,N.
23:   VOMMALDPN – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: VOMMAij, contains the second-order Greek measuring the sensitivity of the first-order Greek Δij to change in the volatility of the underlying asset, i.e., - Δij σ = - 2 Pij σ2 , for i=1,2,,M and j=1,2,,N.
24:   IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
On entry: IFAIL must be set to 0, -1​ or ​1. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value -1​ or ​1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is 0. When the value -1​ or ​1 is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit: IFAIL=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6  Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry IFAIL=0 or -1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
IFAIL=1
On entry, CALPUT=value was an illegal value.
IFAIL=2
On entry, M=value.
Constraint: M1.
IFAIL=3
On entry, N=value.
Constraint: N1.
IFAIL=4
On entry, Xvalue=value.
Constraint: Xivalue and Xivalue.
IFAIL=5
On entry, S=value.
Constraint: Svalue and Svalue.
IFAIL=6
On entry, Tvalue=value.
Constraint: Tivalue.
IFAIL=7
On entry, SIGMA=value.
Constraint: SIGMA>0.0.
IFAIL=8
On entry, R=value.
Constraint: R0.0.
IFAIL=9
On entry, Q=value.
Constraint: Q0.0.
IFAIL=11
On entry, LDP=value and M=value.
Constraint: LDPM.
IFAIL=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 3.8 in the Essential Introduction for further information.
IFAIL=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 3.7 in the Essential Introduction for further information.
IFAIL=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction for further information.

7  Accuracy

The accuracy of the output is dependent on the accuracy of the cumulative Normal distribution function, Φ. This is evaluated using a rational Chebyshev expansion, chosen so that the maximum relative error in the expansion is of the order of the machine precision (see S15ABF and S15ADF). An accuracy close to machine precision can generally be expected.

8  Parallelism and Performance

S30ABF is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9  Further Comments

None.

10  Example

This example computes the price of a European put with a time to expiry of 0.7 years, a stock price of 55 and a strike price of 60. The risk-free interest rate is 10% per year and the volatility is 30% per year.

10.1  Program Text

Program Text (s30abfe.f90)

10.2  Program Data

Program Data (s30abfe.d)

10.3  Program Results

Program Results (s30abfe.r)


S30ABF (PDF version)
S Chapter Contents
S Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

© The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd, Oxford, UK. 2015