D01UAF (PDF version)
D01 Chapter Contents
D01 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

NAG Library Routine Document

D01UAF

Note:  before using this routine, please read the Users' Note for your implementation to check the interpretation of bold italicised terms and other implementation-dependent details.

 Contents

    1  Purpose
    7  Accuracy

1  Purpose

D01UAF computes an estimate of the definite integral of a function of known analytical form, using a Gaussian quadrature formula with a specified number of abscissae. Formulae are provided for a finite interval (Gauss–Legendre), a semi-infinite interval (Gauss–Laguerre, rational Gauss), and an infinite interval (Gauss–Hermite).

2  Specification

SUBROUTINE D01UAF ( KEY, A, B, N, F, DINEST, IUSER, RUSER, IFAIL)
INTEGER  KEY, N, IUSER(*), IFAIL
REAL (KIND=nag_wp)  A, B, DINEST, RUSER(*)
EXTERNAL  F

3  Description

3.1  General

D01UAF evaluates an estimate of the definite integral of a function fx, over a finite or infinite range, by n-point Gaussian quadrature (see Davis and Rabinowitz (1975), Fröberg (1970), Ralston (1965) or Stroud and Secrest (1966)). The integral is approximated by a summation of the product of a set of weights and a set of function evaluations at a corresponding set of abscissae xi. For adjusted weights, the function values correspond to the values of the integrand f, and hence the sum will be
i=1nwifxi  
where the wi are called the weights, and the xi the abscissae. A selection of values of n is available. (See Section 5.)
Where applicable, normal weights may instead be used, in which case the corresponding weight function ω is factored out of the integrand as fx=ωxgx and hence the sum will be
i=-1 n w-i gx ,  
where the normal weights w-i=wiωxi are computed internally.
D01UAF uses a vectorized F to evaluate the integrand or normalized integrand at a set of abscissae, xi, for i=1,2,,nx. If adjusted weights are used, the integrand fxi must be evaluated otherwise the normalized integrand gxi must be evaluated.

3.2  Both Limits Finite

abfxdx.  
The Gauss–Legendre weights and abscissae are used, and the formula is exact for any function of the form:
fx=i= 0 2n- 1 ci xi.  
The formula is appropriate for functions which can be well approximated by such a polynomial over a,b. It is inappropriate for functions with algebraic singularities at one or both ends of the interval, such as 1+x-1/2 on -1,1.

3.3  One Limit Infinite

afxdx  or  -afxdx.  
Two quadrature formulae are available for these integrals.
(a) The Gauss–Laguerre formula is exact for any function of the form:
fx=e-bx i= 0 2n- 1 ci xi.  
This formula is appropriate for functions decaying exponentially at infinity; the parameter b should be chosen if possible to match the decay rate of the function.
If the adjusted weights are selected, the complete integrand fx should be provided through F.
If the normal form is selected, the contribution of e-bx is accounted for internally, and F should only return gx, where fx=e-bxgx.
If b<0 is supplied, the interval of integration will be a,. Otherwise if b>0 is supplied, the interval of integration will be -,a.
(b) The rational Gauss formula is exact for any function of the form:
fx=i=2 2n+1cix+bi=i=0 2n-1c2n+1-ix+bix+b2n+1.  
This formula is likely to be more accurate for functions having only an inverse power rate of decay for large x. Here the choice of a suitable value of b may be more difficult; unfortunately a poor choice of b can make a large difference to the accuracy of the computed integral.
Only the adjusted form of the rational Gauss formula is available, and as such, the complete integrand fx must be supplied in F.
If a+b<0, the interval of integration will be a,. Otherwise if a+b>0, the interval of integration will be -,a.

3.4  Both Limits Infinite

- +fxdx.  
The Gauss–Hermite weights and abscissae are used, and the formula is exact for any function of the form:
fx = e - b x-a 2 i=0 2n- 1 ci xi ,  
where b>0. Again, for general functions not of this exact form, the parameter b should be chosen to match if possible the decay rate at ±.
If the adjusted weights are selected, the complete integrand fx should be provided through F.
If the normal form is selected, the contribution of e-bx-a2 is accounted for internally, and F should only return gx, where fx=e-bx-a2gx.

4  References

Davis P J and Rabinowitz P (1975) Methods of Numerical Integration Academic Press
Fröberg C E (1970) Introduction to Numerical Analysis Addison–Wesley
Ralston A (1965) A First Course in Numerical Analysis pp. 87–90 McGraw–Hill
Stroud A H and Secrest D (1966) Gaussian Quadrature Formulas Prentice–Hall

5  Parameters

1:     KEY – INTEGERInput
On entry: indicates the quadrature formula.
KEY=0
Gauss–Legendre quadrature on a finite interval, using normal weights.
KEY=3
Gauss–Laguerre quadrature on a semi-infinite interval, using normal weights.
KEY=-3
Gauss–Laguerre quadrature on a semi-infinite interval, using adjusted weights.
KEY=4
Gauss–Hermite quadrature on an infinite interval, using normal weights.
KEY=-4
Gauss–Hermite quadrature on an infinite interval, using adjusted weights.
KEY=-5
Rational Gauss quadrature on a semi-infinite interval, using adjusted weights.
Constraint: KEY=0, 3, -3, 4, -4 or -5.
2:     A – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
3:     B – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the quantities a and b as described in the appropriate subsection of Section 3.
Constraints:
  • Rational Gauss: A+B0.0;
  • Gauss–Laguerre: B0.0;
  • Gauss–Hermite: B>0.
4:     N – INTEGERInput
On entry: n, the number of abscissae to be used.
Constraint: N=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 32, 48 or 64.
If the soft fail option is used, the answer is evaluated for the largest valid value of N less than the requested value.
5:     F – SUBROUTINE, supplied by the user.External Procedure
F must return the value of the integrand f, or the normalized integrand g, at a specified point.
The specification of F is:
SUBROUTINE F ( X, NX, FV, IFLAG, IUSER, RUSER)
INTEGER  NX, IFLAG, IUSER(*)
REAL (KIND=nag_wp)  X(NX), FV(NX), RUSER(*)
1:     XNX – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: the abscissae, xi, for i=1,2,,nx at which function values are required.
2:     NX – INTEGERInput
On entry: nx, the number of abscissae.
3:     FVNX – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: if adjusted weights are used, the values of the integrand f. FVi=fxi, for i=1,2,,nx.
Otherwise the values of the normalized integrand g. FVi=gxi, for i=1,2,,nx.
4:     IFLAG – INTEGERInput/Output
On entry: IFLAG=0.
On exit: set IFLAG<0 if you wish to force an immediate exit from D01UAF with IFAIL=-1.
5:     IUSER* – INTEGER arrayUser Workspace
6:     RUSER* – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayUser Workspace
F is called with the parameters IUSER and RUSER as supplied to D01UAF. You are free to use the arrays IUSER and RUSER to supply information to F as an alternative to using COMMON global variables.
F must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which D01UAF is called. Parameters denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
Some points to bear in mind when coding F are mentioned in Section 7.
6:     DINEST – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Output
On exit: the estimate of the definite integral.
7:     IUSER* – INTEGER arrayUser Workspace
8:     RUSER* – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayUser Workspace
IUSER and RUSER are not used by D01UAF, but are passed directly to F and may be used to pass information to this routine as an alternative to using COMMON global variables.
9:     IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
On entry: IFAIL must be set to 0, -1​ or ​1. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value -1​ or ​1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, because for this routine the values of the output parameters may be useful even if IFAIL0 on exit, the recommended value is -1. When the value -1​ or ​1 is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit: IFAIL=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6  Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry IFAIL=0 or -1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by X04AAF).
Note: D01UAF may return useful information for one or more of the following detected errors or warnings.
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
IFAIL=1
The n-point rule is not among those stored.
On entry: N=value.
n-point rule used: N=value.
IFAIL=2
Underflow occurred in calculation of normal weights.
Reduce N or use adjusted weights: N=value.
IFAIL=3
No nonzero weights were generated for the provided parameters.
IFAIL=11
On entry, KEY=value.
Constraint: KEY=0, 3, -3, 4, -4 or -5.
IFAIL=12
The value of A and/or B is invalid for the chosen KEY. Either:
  • The value of A and/or B is invalid.
    On entry, KEY=value.
    On entry, A=value and B=value.
    Constraint: A+B>0.0.
  • The value of A and/or B is invalid.
    On entry, KEY=value.
    On entry, A=value and B=value.
    Constraint: B>0.0.
  • The value of A and/or B is invalid.
    On entry, KEY=value.
    On entry, A=value and B=value.
    Constraint: B>0.0.
IFAIL=14
On entry, N=value.
Constraint: N>0.
IFAIL=-1
Exit requested from F with IFLAG=value.
IFAIL=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 3.8 in the Essential Introduction for further information.
IFAIL=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 3.7 in the Essential Introduction for further information.
IFAIL=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction for further information.

7  Accuracy

The accuracy depends on the behaviour of the integrand, and on the number of abscissae used. No tests are carried out in D01UAF to estimate the accuracy of the result. If such an estimate is required, the routine may be called more than once, with a different number of abscissae each time, and the answers compared. It is to be expected that for sufficiently smooth functions a larger number of abscissae will give improved accuracy.
Alternatively, the range of integration may be subdivided, the integral estimated separately for each sub-interval, and the sum of these estimates compared with the estimate over the whole range.
The coding of F may also have a bearing on the accuracy. For example, if a high-order Gauss–Laguerre formula is used, and the integrand is of the form
fx=e-bxgx  
it is possible that the exponential term may underflow for some large abscissae. Depending on the machine, this may produce an error, or simply be assumed to be zero. In any case, it would be better to evaluate the expression with
fx = sgn gx × exp -bx+ lngx  
Another situation requiring care is exemplified by
- +e-x2xmdx=0,  m​ odd.  
The integrand here assumes very large values; for example, when m=63, the peak value exceeds 3×1033. Now, if the machine holds floating-point numbers to an accuracy of k significant decimal digits, we could not expect such terms to cancel in the summation leaving an answer of much less than 1033-k (the weights being of order unity); that is, instead of zero we obtain a rather large answer through rounding error. Such situations are characterised by great variability in the answers returned by formulae with different values of n.
In general, you should be aware of the order of magnitude of the integrand, and should judge the answer in that light.

8  Parallelism and Performance

D01UAF is currently neither directly nor indirectly threaded. In particular, the user-supplied parameter F is not called from within a parallel region initialized inside D01UAF.
The user-supplied parameter F uses a vectorized interface, allowing for the required vector of function values to be evaluated in parallel; for example by placing appropriate OpenMP directives in the code for the user-supplied parameter F.

9  Further Comments

The time taken by D01UAF depends on the complexity of the expression for the integrand and on the number of abscissae required.

10  Example

This example evaluates the integrals
0141+x2 dx=π  
by Gauss–Legendre quadrature;
2 1x2 lnx dx =0.378671  
by rational Gauss quadrature with b=0;
2e-xxdx=0.048901  
by Gauss–Laguerre quadrature with b=1; and
- +e-3x2-4x-1dx=- +e-3 x+1 2e2x+2dx=1.428167  
by Gauss–Hermite quadrature with a=-1 and b=3.
The formulae with n=2,4,8,16,32 and 64 are used in each case. Both adjusted and normal weights are used for Gauss–Laguerre and Gauss–Hermite quadrature.

10.1  Program Text

Program Text (d01uafe.f90)

10.2  Program Data

None.

10.3  Program Results

Program Results (d01uafe.r)


D01UAF (PDF version)
D01 Chapter Contents
D01 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

© The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd, Oxford, UK. 2015