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Chapter Contents
Chapter Introduction
NAG Toolbox

# NAG Toolbox: nag_rand_copula_normal (g05rd)

## Purpose

nag_rand_copula_normal (g05rd) sets up a reference vector and generates an array of pseudorandom numbers from a Normal (Gaussian) copula with covariance matrix $C$.

## Syntax

[r, state, x, ifail] = g05rd(mode, n, c, r, state, 'm', m, 'lr', lr)
[r, state, x, ifail] = nag_rand_copula_normal(mode, n, c, r, state, 'm', m, 'lr', lr)

## Description

The Gaussian copula, $G$, is defined by
 $G u1 , u2 ,…, um ; C = ΦC ϕ C11 -1 u1 , ϕ C22 -1 u2 ,…, ϕ Cmm -1 um$
where $m$ is the number of dimensions, ${\Phi }_{C}$ is the multivariate Normal density function with mean zero and covariance matrix $C$ and ${\varphi }_{{C}_{\mathit{ii}}}^{-1}$ is the inverse of the univariate Normal density function with mean zero and variance ${C}_{\mathit{ii}}$.
nag_rand_multivar_normal (g05rz) is used to generate a vector from a multivariate Normal distribution and nag_stat_prob_normal (g01ea) is used to convert each element of that vector into a uniformly distributed value between zero and one.
One of the initialization functions nag_rand_init_repeat (g05kf) (for a repeatable sequence if computed sequentially) or nag_rand_init_nonrepeat (g05kg) (for a non-repeatable sequence) must be called prior to the first call to nag_rand_copula_normal (g05rd).

## References

Nelsen R B (1998) An Introduction to Copulas. Lecture Notes in Statistics 139 Springer
Sklar A (1973) Random variables: joint distribution functions and copulas Kybernetika 9 499–460

## Parameters

### Compulsory Input Parameters

1:     $\mathrm{mode}$int64int32nag_int scalar
A code for selecting the operation to be performed by the function.
${\mathbf{mode}}=0$
Set up reference vector only.
${\mathbf{mode}}=1$
Generate variates using reference vector set up in a prior call to nag_rand_copula_normal (g05rd).
${\mathbf{mode}}=2$
Set up reference vector and generate variates.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{mode}}=0$, $1$ or $2$.
2:     $\mathrm{n}$int64int32nag_int scalar
$n$, the number of random variates required.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
3:     $\mathrm{c}\left(\mathit{ldc},{\mathbf{m}}\right)$ – double array
ldc, the first dimension of the array, must satisfy the constraint $\mathit{ldc}\ge {\mathbf{m}}$.
The covariance matrix of the distribution. Only the upper triangle need be set.
Constraint: $C$ must be positive semidefinite to machine precision.
4:     $\mathrm{r}\left({\mathbf{lr}}\right)$ – double array
If ${\mathbf{mode}}=1$, the reference vector as set up by nag_rand_copula_normal (g05rd) in a previous call with ${\mathbf{mode}}=0$ or $2$.
5:     $\mathrm{state}\left(:\right)$int64int32nag_int array
Note: the actual argument supplied must be the array state supplied to the initialization routines nag_rand_init_repeat (g05kf) or nag_rand_init_nonrepeat (g05kg).
Contains information on the selected base generator and its current state.

### Optional Input Parameters

1:     $\mathrm{m}$int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: the first dimension of the array c and the second dimension of the array c. (An error is raised if these dimensions are not equal.)
$m$, the number of dimensions of the distribution.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{m}}>0$.
2:     $\mathrm{lr}$int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: the dimension of the array r.
The dimension of the array r. if ${\mathbf{mode}}=1$, it must be the same as the value of lr specified in the prior call to nag_rand_copula_normal (g05rd) with ${\mathbf{mode}}=0$ or $2$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{lr}}\ge {\mathbf{m}}×\left({\mathbf{m}}+1\right)+1$.

### Output Parameters

1:     $\mathrm{r}\left({\mathbf{lr}}\right)$ – double array
If ${\mathbf{mode}}=0$ or $2$, the reference vector that can be used in subsequent calls to nag_rand_copula_normal (g05rd) with ${\mathbf{mode}}=1$.
2:     $\mathrm{state}\left(:\right)$int64int32nag_int array
Contains updated information on the state of the generator.
3:     $\mathrm{x}\left(\mathit{ldx},{\mathbf{m}}\right)$ – double array
The array of values from a multivariate Gaussian copula, with ${\mathbf{x}}\left(i,j\right)$ holding the $j$th dimension for the $i$th variate.
4:     $\mathrm{ifail}$int64int32nag_int scalar
${\mathbf{ifail}}={\mathbf{0}}$ unless the function detects an error (see Error Indicators and Warnings).

## Error Indicators and Warnings

Errors or warnings detected by the function:
${\mathbf{ifail}}=1$
Constraint: ${\mathbf{mode}}=0$, $1$ or $2$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=2$
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=3$
Constraint: ${\mathbf{m}}>0$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=4$
On entry, the covariance matrix $C$ is not positive semidefinite to machine precision.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=5$
Constraint: $\mathit{ldc}\ge {\mathbf{m}}$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=6$
m is not the same as when r was set up in a previous call.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=7$
On entry, lr is not large enough, ${\mathbf{lr}}=_$: minimum length required .
${\mathbf{ifail}}=8$
On entry, state vector has been corrupted or not initialized.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=10$
Constraint: $\mathit{ldx}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-99$
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-399$
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-999$
Dynamic memory allocation failed.

## Accuracy

See Accuracy in nag_rand_multivar_normal (g05rz) for an indication of the accuracy of the underlying multivariate Normal distribution.

The time taken by nag_rand_copula_normal (g05rd) is of order $n{m}^{3}$.
It is recommended that the diagonal elements of $C$ should not differ too widely in order of magnitude. This may be achieved by scaling the variables if necessary. The actual matrix decomposed is $C+E=L{L}^{\mathrm{T}}$, where $E$ is a diagonal matrix with small positive diagonal elements. This ensures that, even when $C$ is singular, or nearly singular, the Cholesky factor $L$ corresponds to a positive definite covariance matrix that agrees with $C$ within machine precision.

## Example

This example prints ten pseudorandom observations from a Normal copula with covariance matrix
 $1.69 0.39 -1.86 0.07 0.39 98.01 -7.07 -0.71 -1.86 -7.07 11.56 0.03 0.07 -0.71 0.03 0.01 ,$
generated by nag_rand_copula_normal (g05rd). All ten observations are generated by a single call to nag_rand_copula_normal (g05rd) with ${\mathbf{mode}}=2$. The random number generator is initialized by nag_rand_init_repeat (g05kf).
```function g05rd_example

fprintf('g05rd example results\n\n');

% Initialize the base generator to a repeatable sequence
seed  = [int64(1762543)];
genid = int64(1);
subid = int64(1);
[state, ifail] = g05kf( ...
genid, subid, seed);

% Sample size
n  = int64(10);

% Upper triangular part of covariance matrix
c = [ 1.69,  0.39, -1.86,  0.07;
0,    98.01, -7.07, -0.71;
0,     0,    11.56,  0.03;
0,     0,     0,     0.01];
m = size(c,1);

% Setup and generate in one go
mode = int64(2);

% Generate variates from Gaussian copula
lr = m*(m+1) + 2;
r = zeros(lr, 1);
[r, state, x, ifail] = g05rd( ...
mode, n, c, r, state);

disp('Variates');
disp(x);

```
```g05rd example results

Variates
0.6364    0.0517    0.4137    0.8817
0.1065    0.2461    0.7993    0.3806
0.7460    0.6313    0.2708    0.5421
0.7983    0.0564    0.6868    0.9234
0.1046    0.5790    0.8533    0.2208
0.4925    0.2784    0.3513    0.5158
0.3843    0.2349    0.9472    0.7801
0.7871    0.9941    0.9403    0.2044
0.4982    0.9015    0.7176    0.2914
0.6717    0.5359    0.5961    0.4487

```