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Chapter Contents
Chapter Introduction
NAG Toolbox

NAG Toolbox: nag_lapack_zpprfs (f07gv)

 Contents

    1  Purpose
    2  Syntax
    7  Accuracy
    9  Example

Purpose

nag_lapack_zpprfs (f07gv) returns error bounds for the solution of a complex Hermitian positive definite system of linear equations with multiple right-hand sides, AX=B, using packed storage. It improves the solution by iterative refinement, in order to reduce the backward error as much as possible.

Syntax

[x, ferr, berr, info] = f07gv(uplo, ap, afp, b, x, 'n', n, 'nrhs_p', nrhs_p)
[x, ferr, berr, info] = nag_lapack_zpprfs(uplo, ap, afp, b, x, 'n', n, 'nrhs_p', nrhs_p)

Description

nag_lapack_zpprfs (f07gv) returns the backward errors and estimated bounds on the forward errors for the solution of a complex Hermitian positive definite system of linear equations with multiple right-hand sides AX=B, using packed storage. The function handles each right-hand side vector (stored as a column of the matrix B) independently, so we describe the function of nag_lapack_zpprfs (f07gv) in terms of a single right-hand side b and solution x.
Given a computed solution x, the function computes the component-wise backward error β. This is the size of the smallest relative perturbation in each element of A and b such that x is the exact solution of a perturbed system
A+δAx=b+δb δaijβaij   and   δbiβbi .  
Then the function estimates a bound for the component-wise forward error in the computed solution, defined by:
maxixi-x^i/maxixi  
where x^ is the true solution.
For details of the method, see the F07 Chapter Introduction.

References

Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

Parameters

Compulsory Input Parameters

1:     uplo – string (length ≥ 1)
Specifies whether the upper or lower triangular part of A is stored and how A is to be factorized.
uplo='U'
The upper triangular part of A is stored and A is factorized as UHU, where U is upper triangular.
uplo='L'
The lower triangular part of A is stored and A is factorized as LLH, where L is lower triangular.
Constraint: uplo='U' or 'L'.
2:     ap: – complex array
The dimension of the array ap must be at least max1,n×n+1/2
The n by n original Hermitian positive definite matrix A as supplied to nag_lapack_zpptrf (f07gr).
3:     afp: – complex array
The dimension of the array afp must be at least max1,n×n+1/2
The Cholesky factor of A stored in packed form, as returned by nag_lapack_zpptrf (f07gr).
4:     bldb: – complex array
The first dimension of the array b must be at least max1,n.
The second dimension of the array b must be at least max1,nrhs_p.
The n by r right-hand side matrix B.
5:     xldx: – complex array
The first dimension of the array x must be at least max1,n.
The second dimension of the array x must be at least max1,nrhs_p.
The n by r solution matrix X, as returned by nag_lapack_zpptrs (f07gs).

Optional Input Parameters

1:     n int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: the first dimension of the arrays b, x.
n, the order of the matrix A.
Constraint: n0.
2:     nrhs_p int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: the second dimension of the arrays b, x. (An error is raised if these dimensions are not equal.)
r, the number of right-hand sides.
Constraint: nrhs_p0.

Output Parameters

1:     xldx: – complex array
The first dimension of the array x will be max1,n.
The second dimension of the array x will be max1,nrhs_p.
The improved solution matrix X.
2:     ferrnrhs_p – double array
ferrj contains an estimated error bound for the jth solution vector, that is, the jth column of X, for j=1,2,,r.
3:     berrnrhs_p – double array
berrj contains the component-wise backward error bound β for the jth solution vector, that is, the jth column of X, for j=1,2,,r.
4:     info int64int32nag_int scalar
info=0 unless the function detects an error (see Error Indicators and Warnings).

Error Indicators and Warnings

   info<0
If info=-i, argument i had an illegal value. An explanatory message is output, and execution of the program is terminated.

Accuracy

The bounds returned in ferr are not rigorous, because they are estimated, not computed exactly; but in practice they almost always overestimate the actual error.

Further Comments

For each right-hand side, computation of the backward error involves a minimum of 16n2 real floating-point operations. Each step of iterative refinement involves an additional 24n2 real operations. At most five steps of iterative refinement are performed, but usually only one or two steps are required.
Estimating the forward error involves solving a number of systems of linear equations of the form Ax=b; the number is usually 5 and never more than 11. Each solution involves approximately 8n2 real operations.
The real analogue of this function is nag_lapack_dpprfs (f07gh).

Example

This example solves the system of equations AX=B using iterative refinement and to compute the forward and backward error bounds, where
A= 3.23+0.00i 1.51-1.92i 1.90+0.84i 0.42+2.50i 1.51+1.92i 3.58+0.00i -0.23+1.11i -1.18+1.37i 1.90-0.84i -0.23-1.11i 4.09+0.00i 2.33-0.14i 0.42-2.50i -1.18-1.37i 2.33+0.14i 4.29+0.00i  
and
B= 3.93-06.14i 1.48+06.58i 6.17+09.42i 4.65-04.75i -7.17-21.83i -4.91+02.29i 1.99-14.38i 7.64-10.79i .  
Here A is Hermitian positive definite, stored in packed form, and must first be factorized by nag_lapack_zpptrf (f07gr).
function f07gv_example


fprintf('f07gv example results\n\n');

% Symmetric A in lower packed form
uplo = 'L';
n = int64(4);
ap = [3.23 + 0i    1.51 + 1.92i    1.90 - 0.84i    0.42 - 2.50i ...
                   3.58 + 0i      -0.23 - 1.11i   -1.18 - 1.37i ...
                                   4.09 + 0.00i    2.33 + 0.14i ...
                                                   4.29 + 0.00i];

[L, info] = f07gr( ...
                     uplo, n, ap);

% RHS
b = [ 3.93 -  6.14i,  1.48 +  6.58i;
      6.17 +  9.42i,  4.65 -  4.75i;
     -7.17 - 21.83i, -4.91 +  2.29i;
      1.99 - 14.38i,  7.64 - 10.79i];

% Solve AX = B
  
[x, info] = f07gs( ...
                   uplo, L, b);

% Refine X
[x, ferr, berr, info] = f07gv( ...
                               uplo, ap, L, b, x);

disp('Solution(s)');
disp(x);
fprintf('\nBackward errors (machine-dependent)\n   ')
fprintf('%11.1e', berr);
fprintf('\nEstimated forward error bounds (machine-dependent)\n   ')
fprintf('%11.1e', ferr);
fprintf('\n');


f07gv example results

Solution(s)
   1.0000 - 1.0000i  -1.0000 + 2.0000i
  -0.0000 + 3.0000i   3.0000 - 4.0000i
  -4.0000 - 5.0000i  -2.0000 + 3.0000i
   2.0000 + 1.0000i   4.0000 - 5.0000i


Backward errors (machine-dependent)
       8.4e-17    7.9e-17
Estimated forward error bounds (machine-dependent)
       6.0e-14    7.4e-14

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Chapter Contents
Chapter Introduction
NAG Toolbox

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