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Chapter Introduction
NAG Toolbox

NAG Toolbox: nag_lapack_zsysvx (f07np)

 Contents

    1  Purpose
    2  Syntax
    7  Accuracy
    9  Example

Purpose

nag_lapack_zsysvx (f07np) uses the diagonal pivoting factorization to compute the solution to a complex system of linear equations
AX=B ,  
where A is an n by n symmetric matrix and X and B are n by r matrices. Error bounds on the solution and a condition estimate are also provided.

Syntax

[af, ipiv, x, rcond, ferr, berr, info] = f07np(fact, uplo, a, af, ipiv, b, 'n', n, 'nrhs_p', nrhs_p)
[af, ipiv, x, rcond, ferr, berr, info] = nag_lapack_zsysvx(fact, uplo, a, af, ipiv, b, 'n', n, 'nrhs_p', nrhs_p)

Description

nag_lapack_zsysvx (f07np) performs the following steps:
1. If fact='N', the diagonal pivoting method is used to factor A. The form of the factorization is A=UDUT if uplo='U' or A=LDLT if uplo='L', where U (or L) is a product of permutation and unit upper (lower) triangular matrices, and D is symmetric and block diagonal with 1 by 1 and 2 by 2 diagonal blocks.
2. If some dii=0, so that D is exactly singular, then the function returns with info=i. Otherwise, the factored form of A is used to estimate the condition number of the matrix A. If the reciprocal of the condition number is less than machine precision, infon+1 is returned as a warning, but the function still goes on to solve for X and compute error bounds as described below.
3. The system of equations is solved for X using the factored form of A.
4. Iterative refinement is applied to improve the computed solution matrix and to calculate error bounds and backward error estimates for it.

References

Anderson E, Bai Z, Bischof C, Blackford S, Demmel J, Dongarra J J, Du Croz J J, Greenbaum A, Hammarling S, McKenney A and Sorensen D (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide (3rd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia http://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug
Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
Higham N J (2002) Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms (2nd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia

Parameters

Compulsory Input Parameters

1:     fact – string (length ≥ 1)
Specifies whether or not the factorized form of the matrix A has been supplied.
fact='F'
af and ipiv contain the factorized form of the matrix A. af and ipiv will not be modified.
fact='N'
The matrix A will be copied to af and factorized.
Constraint: fact='F' or 'N'.
2:     uplo – string (length ≥ 1)
If uplo='U', the upper triangle of A is stored.
If uplo='L', the lower triangle of A is stored.
Constraint: uplo='U' or 'L'.
3:     alda: – complex array
The first dimension of the array a must be at least max1,n.
The second dimension of the array a must be at least max1,n.
The n by n symmetric matrix A.
  • If uplo='U', the upper triangular part of a must be stored and the elements of the array below the diagonal are not referenced.
  • If uplo='L', the lower triangular part of a must be stored and the elements of the array above the diagonal are not referenced.
4:     afldaf: – complex array
The first dimension of the array af must be at least max1,n.
The second dimension of the array af must be at least max1,n.
If fact='F', af contains the block diagonal matrix D and the multipliers used to obtain the factor U or L from the factorization a=UDUT or a=LDLT as computed by nag_lapack_zsytrf (f07nr).
5:     ipiv: int64int32nag_int array
The dimension of the array ipiv must be at least max1,n
If fact='F', ipiv contains details of the interchanges and the block structure of D, as determined by nag_lapack_zsytrf (f07nr).
  • if ipivi=k>0, dii is a 1 by 1 pivot block and the ith row and column of A were interchanged with the kth row and column;
  • if uplo='U' and ipivi-1=ipivi=-l<0, di-1,i-1d-i,i-1 d-i,i-1dii  is a 2 by 2 pivot block and the i-1th row and column of A were interchanged with the lth row and column;
  • if uplo='L' and ipivi=ipivi+1=-m<0, diidi+1,idi+1,idi+1,i+1 is a 2 by 2 pivot block and the i+1th row and column of A were interchanged with the mth row and column.
6:     bldb: – complex array
The first dimension of the array b must be at least max1,n.
The second dimension of the array b must be at least max1,nrhs_p.
The n by r right-hand side matrix B.

Optional Input Parameters

1:     n int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: the first dimension of the arrays a, af, b and the second dimension of the arrays a, af, ipiv.
n, the number of linear equations, i.e., the order of the matrix A.
Constraint: n0.
2:     nrhs_p int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: the second dimension of the array b.
r, the number of right-hand sides, i.e., the number of columns of the matrix B.
Constraint: nrhs_p0.

Output Parameters

1:     afldaf: – complex array
The first dimension of the array af will be max1,n.
The second dimension of the array af will be max1,n.
If fact='N', af returns the block diagonal matrix D and the multipliers used to obtain the factor U or L from the factorization a=UDUT or a=LDLT.
2:     ipiv: int64int32nag_int array
The dimension of the array ipiv will be max1,n
If fact='N', ipiv contains details of the interchanges and the block structure of D, as determined by nag_lapack_zsytrf (f07nr), as described above.
3:     xldx: – complex array
The first dimension of the array x will be max1,n.
The second dimension of the array x will be max1,nrhs_p.
If info=0 or n+1, the n by r solution matrix X.
4:     rcond – double scalar
The estimate of the reciprocal condition number of the matrix A. If rcond=0.0, the matrix may be exactly singular. This condition is indicated by info>0andinfon. Otherwise, if rcond is less than the machine precision, the matrix is singular to working precision. This condition is indicated by infon+1.
5:     ferr: – double array
The dimension of the array ferr will be max1,nrhs_p
If info=0 or n+1, an estimate of the forward error bound for each computed solution vector, such that x^j-xj/xjferrj where x^j is the jth column of the computed solution returned in the array x and xj is the corresponding column of the exact solution X. The estimate is as reliable as the estimate for rcond, and is almost always a slight overestimate of the true error.
6:     berr: – double array
The dimension of the array berr will be max1,nrhs_p
If info=0 or n+1, an estimate of the component-wise relative backward error of each computed solution vector x^j (i.e., the smallest relative change in any element of A or B that makes x^j an exact solution).
7:     info int64int32nag_int scalar
info=0 unless the function detects an error (see Error Indicators and Warnings).

Error Indicators and Warnings

Cases prefixed with W are classified as warnings and do not generate an error of type NAG:error_n. See nag_issue_warnings.

   info<0
If info=-i, argument i had an illegal value. An explanatory message is output, and execution of the program is terminated.
W  info>0andinfon
Element _ of the diagonal is exactly zero. The factorization has been completed, but the factor D is exactly singular, so the solution and error bounds could not be computed. rcond=0.0 is returned.
W  info=n+1
D is nonsingular, but rcond is less than machine precision, meaning that the matrix is singular to working precision. Nevertheless, the solution and error bounds are computed because there are a number of situations where the computed solution can be more accurate than the value of rcond would suggest.

Accuracy

For each right-hand side vector b, the computed solution x^ is the exact solution of a perturbed system of equations A+Ex^=b, where
E1 = Oε A1 ,  
where ε is the machine precision. See Chapter 11 of Higham (2002) for further details.
If x^ is the true solution, then the computed solution x satisfies a forward error bound of the form
x-x^ x^ wc condA,x^,b  
where condA,x^,b = A-1 A x^ + b / x^ condA = A-1 A κ A. If x^  is the j th column of X , then wc  is returned in berrj  and a bound on x - x^ / x^  is returned in ferrj . See Section 4.4 of Anderson et al. (1999) for further details.

Further Comments

The factorization of A  requires approximately 43 n3  floating-point operations.
For each right-hand side, computation of the backward error involves a minimum of 16n2  floating-point operations. Each step of iterative refinement involves an additional 24n2  operations. At most five steps of iterative refinement are performed, but usually only one or two steps are required. Estimating the forward error involves solving a number of systems of equations of the form Ax=b ; the number is usually 4 or 5 and never more than 11. Each solution involves approximately 8n2  operations.
The real analogue of this function is nag_lapack_dsysvx (f07mb). The complex Hermitian analogue of this function is nag_lapack_zhesvx (f07mp).

Example

This example solves the equations
AX=B ,  
where A  is the complex symmetric matrix
A = -0.56+0.12i -1.54-2.86i 5.32-1.59i 3.80+0.92i -1.54-2.86i -2.83-0.03i -3.52+0.58i -7.86-2.96i 5.32-1.59i -3.52+0.58i 8.86+1.81i 5.14-0.64i 3.80+0.92i -7.86-2.96i 5.14-0.64i -0.39-0.71i  
and
B = -6.43+19.24i -4.59-35.53i -0.49-01.47i 6.95+20.49i -48.18+66.00i -12.08-27.02i -55.64+41.22i -19.09-35.97i .  
Error estimates for the solutions, and an estimate of the reciprocal of the condition number of the matrix A  are also output.
function f07np_example


fprintf('f07np example results\n\n');

% Symmetric indefinite matrix A (Upper triangular part stored)
uplo = 'Upper';
a = [-0.56 + 0.12i, -1.54 - 2.86i,  5.32 - 1.59i,  3.80 + 0.92i;
      0    + 0i,    -2.83 - 0.03i, -3.52 + 0.58i, -7.86 - 2.96i;
      0    + 0i,     0    + 0i,     8.86 + 1.81i,  5.14 - 0.64i;
      0    + 0i,     0    + 0i,     0    + 0i,    -0.39 - 0.71i];

% RHS
b = [ -6.43 + 19.24i,  -4.59 - 35.53i;
      -0.49 -  1.47i,   6.95 + 20.49i;
     -48.18 + 66.00i, -12.08 - 27.02i;
     -55.64 + 41.22i, -19.09 - 35.97i];

% Input parameters
fact = 'Not factored';
af   = a;
ipiv = zeros(size(a,1), 1, 'int64');

% Solve
[af, ipiv, x, rcond, ferr, berr, info] = ...
  f07np( ...
         fact, uplo, a, af, ipiv, b);

disp('Solution(s)');
disp(x);
disp('Backward errors (machine-dependent)');
fprintf('%10.1e',berr);
fprintf('\n');
disp('Estimated forward error bounds (machine-dependent)');
fprintf('%10.1e',ferr);
fprintf('\n\n');
disp('Estimate of reciprocal condition number');
fprintf('%10.1e\n\n',rcond);


f07np example results

Solution(s)
  -4.0000 + 3.0000i  -1.0000 + 1.0000i
   3.0000 - 2.0000i   3.0000 + 2.0000i
  -2.0000 + 5.0000i   1.0000 - 3.0000i
   1.0000 - 1.0000i  -2.0000 - 1.0000i

Backward errors (machine-dependent)
   6.4e-17   5.4e-17
Estimated forward error bounds (machine-dependent)
   1.2e-14   1.2e-14

Estimate of reciprocal condition number
   4.9e-02


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