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NAG Toolbox: nag_lapack_zherfs (f07mv)

 Contents

    1  Purpose
    2  Syntax
    7  Accuracy
    9  Example

Purpose

nag_lapack_zherfs (f07mv) returns error bounds for the solution of a complex Hermitian indefinite system of linear equations with multiple right-hand sides, AX=B. It improves the solution by iterative refinement, in order to reduce the backward error as much as possible.

Syntax

[x, ferr, berr, info] = f07mv(uplo, a, af, ipiv, b, x, 'n', n, 'nrhs_p', nrhs_p)
[x, ferr, berr, info] = nag_lapack_zherfs(uplo, a, af, ipiv, b, x, 'n', n, 'nrhs_p', nrhs_p)

Description

nag_lapack_zherfs (f07mv) returns the backward errors and estimated bounds on the forward errors for the solution of a complex Hermitian indefinite system of linear equations with multiple right-hand sides AX=B. The function handles each right-hand side vector (stored as a column of the matrix B) independently, so we describe the function of nag_lapack_zherfs (f07mv) in terms of a single right-hand side b and solution x.
Given a computed solution x, the function computes the component-wise backward error β. This is the size of the smallest relative perturbation in each element of A and b such that x is the exact solution of a perturbed system
A+δAx=b+δb δaijβaij   and   δbiβbi .  
Then the function estimates a bound for the component-wise forward error in the computed solution, defined by:
maxixi-x^i/maxixi  
where x^ is the true solution.
For details of the method, see the F07 Chapter Introduction.

References

Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

Parameters

Compulsory Input Parameters

1:     uplo – string (length ≥ 1)
Specifies whether the upper or lower triangular part of A is stored and how A is to be factorized.
uplo='U'
The upper triangular part of A is stored and A is factorized as PUDUHPT, where U is upper triangular.
uplo='L'
The lower triangular part of A is stored and A is factorized as PLDLHPT, where L is lower triangular.
Constraint: uplo='U' or 'L'.
2:     alda: – complex array
The first dimension of the array a must be at least max1,n.
The second dimension of the array a must be at least max1,n.
The n by n original Hermitian matrix A as supplied to nag_lapack_zhetrf (f07mr).
3:     afldaf: – complex array
The first dimension of the array af must be at least max1,n.
The second dimension of the array af must be at least max1,n.
Details of the factorization of A, as returned by nag_lapack_zhetrf (f07mr).
4:     ipiv: int64int32nag_int array
The dimension of the array ipiv must be at least max1,n
Details of the interchanges and the block structure of D, as returned by nag_lapack_zhetrf (f07mr).
5:     bldb: – complex array
The first dimension of the array b must be at least max1,n.
The second dimension of the array b must be at least max1,nrhs_p.
The n by r right-hand side matrix B.
6:     xldx: – complex array
The first dimension of the array x must be at least max1,n.
The second dimension of the array x must be at least max1,nrhs_p.
The n by r solution matrix X, as returned by nag_lapack_zhetrs (f07ms).

Optional Input Parameters

1:     n int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: the first dimension of the arrays a, af, b, x and the second dimension of the arrays a, af, ipiv.
n, the order of the matrix A.
Constraint: n0.
2:     nrhs_p int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: the second dimension of the arrays b, x. (An error is raised if these dimensions are not equal.)
r, the number of right-hand sides.
Constraint: nrhs_p0.

Output Parameters

1:     xldx: – complex array
The first dimension of the array x will be max1,n.
The second dimension of the array x will be max1,nrhs_p.
The improved solution matrix X.
2:     ferrnrhs_p – double array
ferrj contains an estimated error bound for the jth solution vector, that is, the jth column of X, for j=1,2,,r.
3:     berrnrhs_p – double array
berrj contains the component-wise backward error bound β for the jth solution vector, that is, the jth column of X, for j=1,2,,r.
4:     info int64int32nag_int scalar
info=0 unless the function detects an error (see Error Indicators and Warnings).

Error Indicators and Warnings

   info<0
If info=-i, argument i had an illegal value. An explanatory message is output, and execution of the program is terminated.

Accuracy

The bounds returned in ferr are not rigorous, because they are estimated, not computed exactly; but in practice they almost always overestimate the actual error.

Further Comments

For each right-hand side, computation of the backward error involves a minimum of 16n2 real floating-point operations. Each step of iterative refinement involves an additional 24n2 real operations. At most five steps of iterative refinement are performed, but usually only one or two steps are required.
Estimating the forward error involves solving a number of systems of linear equations of the form Ax=b; the number is usually 5 and never more than 11. Each solution involves approximately 8n2 real operations.
The real analogue of this function is nag_lapack_dsyrfs (f07mh).

Example

This example solves the system of equations AX=B using iterative refinement and to compute the forward and backward error bounds, where
A= -1.36+0.00i 1.58+0.90i 2.21-0.21i 3.91+1.50i 1.58-0.90i -8.87+0.00i -1.84-0.03i -1.78+1.18i 2.21+0.21i -1.84+0.03i -4.63+0.00i 0.11+0.11i 3.91-1.50i -1.78-1.18i 0.11-0.11i -1.84+0.00i  
and
B= 7.79+05.48i -35.39+18.01i -0.77-16.05i 4.23-70.02i -9.58+03.88i -24.79-08.40i 2.98-10.18i 28.68-39.89i .  
Here A is Hermitian indefinite and must first be factorized by nag_lapack_zhetrf (f07mr).
function f07mv_example


fprintf('f07mv example results\n\n');

% Hermitian indefinite matrix A (Lower triangular part stored)
uplo = 'L';
a = [-1.36 + 0i,     0    + 0i,     0    + 0i,      0    + 0i;
      1.58 - 0.90i, -8.87 + 0i,     0    + 0i,      0    + 0i;
      2.21 + 0.21i, -1.84 + 0.03i, -4.63 + 0i,      0    + 0i;
      3.91 - 1.50i, -1.78 - 1.18i,  0.11 - 0.11i,  -1.84 + 0i];

% Factorize
[af, ipiv, info] = f07mr( ...
                          uplo, a);

% RHS
b = [ 7.79 +  5.48i, -35.39 + 18.01i;
     -0.77 - 16.05i,   4.23 - 70.02i;
     -9.58 +  3.88i, -24.79 -  8.40i;
      2.98 - 10.18i,  28.68 - 39.89i];

% Solve
[x, info] = f07ms( ...
                   uplo, af, ipiv, b);

% improve solution, and compute backwards errors and estimated bounds
% on the forward errors
[x, ferr, berr, info] = f07mv( ...
                               uplo, a, af, ipiv, b, x);

disp('Solution(s)');
disp(x);
fprintf('\nBackward errors (machine-dependent)\n   ')
fprintf('%11.1e', berr);
fprintf('\nEstimated forward error bounds (machine-dependent)\n   ')
fprintf('%11.1e', ferr);
fprintf('\n');


f07mv example results

Solution(s)
   1.0000 - 1.0000i   3.0000 - 4.0000i
  -1.0000 + 2.0000i  -1.0000 + 5.0000i
   3.0000 - 2.0000i   7.0000 - 2.0000i
   2.0000 + 1.0000i  -8.0000 + 6.0000i


Backward errors (machine-dependent)
       7.9e-17    8.1e-17
Estimated forward error bounds (machine-dependent)
       2.6e-15    3.0e-15

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Chapter Introduction
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