Integer type:  int32  int64  nag_int  show int32  show int32  show int64  show int64  show nag_int  show nag_int

Chapter Contents
Chapter Introduction
NAG Toolbox

# NAG Toolbox: nag_lapack_zhpgvd (f08tq)

## Purpose

nag_lapack_zhpgvd (f08tq) computes all the eigenvalues and, optionally, the eigenvectors of a complex generalized Hermitian-definite eigenproblem, of the form
 $Az=λBz , ABz=λz or BAz=λz ,$
where $A$ and $B$ are Hermitian, stored in packed format, and $B$ is also positive definite. If eigenvectors are desired, it uses a divide-and-conquer algorithm.

## Syntax

[ap, bp, w, z, info] = f08tq(itype, jobz, uplo, n, ap, bp)
[ap, bp, w, z, info] = nag_lapack_zhpgvd(itype, jobz, uplo, n, ap, bp)

## Description

nag_lapack_zhpgvd (f08tq) first performs a Cholesky factorization of the matrix $B$ as $B={U}^{\mathrm{H}}U$, when ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$ or $B=L{L}^{\mathrm{H}}$, when ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$. The generalized problem is then reduced to a standard symmetric eigenvalue problem
 $Cx=λx ,$
which is solved for the eigenvalues and, optionally, the eigenvectors; the eigenvectors are then backtransformed to give the eigenvectors of the original problem.
For the problem $Az=\lambda Bz$, the eigenvectors are normalized so that the matrix of eigenvectors, $z$, satisfies
 $ZH A Z = Λ and ZH B Z = I ,$
where $\Lambda$ is the diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are the eigenvalues. For the problem $ABz=\lambda z$ we correspondingly have
 $Z-1 A Z-H = Λ and ZH B Z = I ,$
and for $BAz=\lambda z$ we have
 $ZH A Z = Λ and ZH B-1 Z = I .$

## References

Anderson E, Bai Z, Bischof C, Blackford S, Demmel J, Dongarra J J, Du Croz J J, Greenbaum A, Hammarling S, McKenney A and Sorensen D (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide (3rd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia http://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug
Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

## Parameters

### Compulsory Input Parameters

1:     $\mathrm{itype}$int64int32nag_int scalar
Specifies the problem type to be solved.
${\mathbf{itype}}=1$
$Az=\lambda Bz$.
${\mathbf{itype}}=2$
$ABz=\lambda z$.
${\mathbf{itype}}=3$
$BAz=\lambda z$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{itype}}=1$, $2$ or $3$.
2:     $\mathrm{jobz}$ – string (length ≥ 1)
Indicates whether eigenvectors are computed.
${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'N'}$
Only eigenvalues are computed.
${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'V'}$
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are computed.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'N'}$ or $\text{'V'}$.
3:     $\mathrm{uplo}$ – string (length ≥ 1)
If ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$, the upper triangles of $A$ and $B$ are stored.
If ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$, the lower triangles of $A$ and $B$ are stored.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$ or $\text{'L'}$.
4:     $\mathrm{n}$int64int32nag_int scalar
$n$, the order of the matrices $A$ and $B$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
5:     $\mathrm{ap}\left(:\right)$ – complex array
The dimension of the array ap must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}×\left({\mathbf{n}}+1\right)/2\right)$
The upper or lower triangle of the $n$ by $n$ Hermitian matrix $A$, packed by columns.
More precisely,
• if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$, the upper triangle of $A$ must be stored with element ${A}_{ij}$ in ${\mathbf{ap}}\left(i+j\left(j-1\right)/2\right)$ for $i\le j$;
• if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$, the lower triangle of $A$ must be stored with element ${A}_{ij}$ in ${\mathbf{ap}}\left(i+\left(2n-j\right)\left(j-1\right)/2\right)$ for $i\ge j$.
6:     $\mathrm{bp}\left(:\right)$ – complex array
The dimension of the array bp must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}×\left({\mathbf{n}}+1\right)/2\right)$
The upper or lower triangle of the $n$ by $n$ Hermitian matrix $B$, packed by columns.
More precisely,
• if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$, the upper triangle of $B$ must be stored with element ${B}_{ij}$ in ${\mathbf{bp}}\left(i+j\left(j-1\right)/2\right)$ for $i\le j$;
• if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$, the lower triangle of $B$ must be stored with element ${B}_{ij}$ in ${\mathbf{bp}}\left(i+\left(2n-j\right)\left(j-1\right)/2\right)$ for $i\ge j$.

None.

### Output Parameters

1:     $\mathrm{ap}\left(:\right)$ – complex array
The dimension of the array ap will be $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}×\left({\mathbf{n}}+1\right)/2\right)$
The contents of ap are destroyed.
2:     $\mathrm{bp}\left(:\right)$ – complex array
The dimension of the array bp will be $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}×\left({\mathbf{n}}+1\right)/2\right)$
The triangular factor $U$ or $L$ from the Cholesky factorization $B={U}^{\mathrm{H}}U$ or $B=L{L}^{\mathrm{H}}$, in the same storage format as $B$.
3:     $\mathrm{w}\left({\mathbf{n}}\right)$ – double array
The eigenvalues in ascending order.
4:     $\mathrm{z}\left(\mathit{ldz},:\right)$ – complex array
The first dimension, $\mathit{ldz}$, of the array z will be
• if ${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'V'}$, $\mathit{ldz}=\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$;
• otherwise $\mathit{ldz}=1$.
The second dimension of the array z will be $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$ if ${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'V'}$ and $1$ otherwise.
If ${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'V'}$, z contains the matrix $Z$ of eigenvectors. The eigenvectors are normalized as follows:
• if ${\mathbf{itype}}=1$ or $2$, ${Z}^{\mathrm{H}}BZ=I$;
• if ${\mathbf{itype}}=3$, ${Z}^{\mathrm{H}}{B}^{-1}Z=I$.
If ${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'N'}$, z is not referenced.
5:     $\mathrm{info}$int64int32nag_int scalar
${\mathbf{info}}=0$ unless the function detects an error (see Error Indicators and Warnings).

## Error Indicators and Warnings

${\mathbf{info}}=-i$
If ${\mathbf{info}}=-i$, parameter $i$ had an illegal value on entry. The parameters are numbered as follows:
1: itype, 2: jobz, 3: uplo, 4: n, 5: ap, 6: bp, 7: w, 8: z, 9: ldz, 10: work, 11: lwork, 12: rwork, 13: lrwork, 14: iwork, 15: liwork, 16: info.
It is possible that info refers to a parameter that is omitted from the MATLAB interface. This usually indicates that an error in one of the other input parameters has caused an incorrect value to be inferred.
${\mathbf{info}}>0$
nag_lapack_zpptrf (f07gr) or nag_lapack_zhpevd (f08gq) returned an error code:
 $\le {\mathbf{n}}$ if ${\mathbf{info}}=i$, nag_lapack_zhpevd (f08gq) failed to converge; $i$ off-diagonal elements of an intermediate tridiagonal form did not converge to zero; $>{\mathbf{n}}$ if ${\mathbf{info}}={\mathbf{n}}+i$, for $1\le i\le {\mathbf{n}}$, then the leading minor of order $i$ of $B$ is not positive definite. The factorization of $B$ could not be completed and no eigenvalues or eigenvectors were computed.

## Accuracy

If $B$ is ill-conditioned with respect to inversion, then the error bounds for the computed eigenvalues and vectors may be large, although when the diagonal elements of $B$ differ widely in magnitude the eigenvalues and eigenvectors may be less sensitive than the condition of $B$ would suggest. See Section 4.10 of Anderson et al. (1999) for details of the error bounds.
The example program below illustrates the computation of approximate error bounds.

The total number of floating-point operations is proportional to ${n}^{3}$.
The real analogue of this function is nag_lapack_dspgvd (f08tc).

## Example

This example finds all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the generalized Hermitian eigenproblem $ABz=\lambda z$, where
 $A = -7.36i+0.00 0.77-0.43i -0.64-0.92i 3.01-6.97i 0.77+0.43i 3.49i+0.00 2.19+4.45i 1.90+3.73i -0.64+0.92i 2.19-4.45i 0.12i+0.00 2.88-3.17i 3.01+6.97i 1.90-3.73i 2.88+3.17i -2.54i+0.00$
and
 $B = 3.23i+0.00 1.51-1.92i 1.90+0.84i 0.42+2.50i 1.51+1.92i 3.58i+0.00 -0.23+1.11i -1.18+1.37i 1.90-0.84i -0.23-1.11i 4.09i+0.00 2.33-0.14i 0.42-2.50i -1.18-1.37i 2.33+0.14i 4.29i+0.00 ,$
together with an estimate of the condition number of $B$, and approximate error bounds for the computed eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
The example program for nag_lapack_zhpgv (f08tn) illustrates solving a generalized Hermitian eigenproblem of the form $Az=\lambda Bz$.
```function f08tq_example

fprintf('f08tq example results\n\n');

% Hermitian matrices A and B stored in packed (Upper) format
n = int64(4);
uplo = 'U';
ap = [-7.36;
0.77 - 0.43i;  3.49 + 0i;
-0.64 - 0.92i;  2.19 + 4.45i;  0.12 + 0i;
3.01 - 6.97i;  1.90 + 3.73i;  2.88 - 3.17i; -2.54 + 0i];
bp = [ 3.23;
1.51 - 1.92i;  3.58 + 0i;
1.90 + 0.84i; -0.23 + 1.11i;  4.09 + 0i;
0.42 + 2.50i; -1.18 + 1.37i;  2.33 - 0.14i;  4.29 + 0i];

% Eigenvalues only for AB z = lmbda z
itype = int64(2);
jobz = 'No vectors';
[~, ~, w, ~, info] = f08tq( ...
itype, jobz, uplo, n, ap, bp);

disp('Eigenvalues');
disp(w');

```
```f08tq example results

Eigenvalues
-61.7321   -6.6195    0.0725   43.1883

```