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Chapter Contents
Chapter Introduction
NAG Toolbox

# NAG Toolbox: nag_lapack_dsygvd (f08sc)

## Purpose

nag_lapack_dsygvd (f08sc) computes all the eigenvalues and, optionally, the eigenvectors of a real generalized symmetric-definite eigenproblem, of the form
 $Az=λBz , ABz=λz or BAz=λz ,$
where $A$ and $B$ are symmetric and $B$ is also positive definite. If eigenvectors are desired, it uses a divide-and-conquer algorithm.

## Syntax

[a, b, w, info] = f08sc(itype, jobz, uplo, a, b, 'n', n)
[a, b, w, info] = nag_lapack_dsygvd(itype, jobz, uplo, a, b, 'n', n)

## Description

nag_lapack_dsygvd (f08sc) first performs a Cholesky factorization of the matrix $B$ as $B={U}^{\mathrm{T}}U$, when ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$ or $B=L{L}^{\mathrm{T}}$, when ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$. The generalized problem is then reduced to a standard symmetric eigenvalue problem
 $Cx=λx ,$
which is solved for the eigenvalues and, optionally, the eigenvectors; the eigenvectors are then backtransformed to give the eigenvectors of the original problem.
For the problem $Az=\lambda Bz$, the eigenvectors are normalized so that the matrix of eigenvectors, $z$, satisfies
 $ZT A Z = Λ and ZT B Z = I ,$
where $\Lambda$ is the diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are the eigenvalues. For the problem $ABz=\lambda z$ we correspondingly have
 $Z-1 A Z-T = Λ and ZT B Z = I ,$
and for $BAz=\lambda z$ we have
 $ZT A Z = Λ and ZT B-1 Z = I .$

## References

Anderson E, Bai Z, Bischof C, Blackford S, Demmel J, Dongarra J J, Du Croz J J, Greenbaum A, Hammarling S, McKenney A and Sorensen D (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide (3rd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia http://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug
Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

## Parameters

### Compulsory Input Parameters

1:     $\mathrm{itype}$int64int32nag_int scalar
Specifies the problem type to be solved.
${\mathbf{itype}}=1$
$Az=\lambda Bz$.
${\mathbf{itype}}=2$
$ABz=\lambda z$.
${\mathbf{itype}}=3$
$BAz=\lambda z$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{itype}}=1$, $2$ or $3$.
2:     $\mathrm{jobz}$ – string (length ≥ 1)
Indicates whether eigenvectors are computed.
${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'N'}$
Only eigenvalues are computed.
${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'V'}$
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are computed.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'N'}$ or $\text{'V'}$.
3:     $\mathrm{uplo}$ – string (length ≥ 1)
If ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$, the upper triangles of $A$ and $B$ are stored.
If ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$, the lower triangles of $A$ and $B$ are stored.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$ or $\text{'L'}$.
4:     $\mathrm{a}\left(\mathit{lda},:\right)$ – double array
The first dimension of the array a must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
The second dimension of the array a must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
The $n$ by $n$ symmetric matrix $A$.
• If ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$, the upper triangular part of $a$ must be stored and the elements of the array below the diagonal are not referenced.
• If ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$, the lower triangular part of $a$ must be stored and the elements of the array above the diagonal are not referenced.
5:     $\mathrm{b}\left(\mathit{ldb},:\right)$ – double array
The first dimension of the array b must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
The second dimension of the array b must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
The $n$ by $n$ symmetric matrix $B$.
• If ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$, the upper triangular part of $b$ must be stored and the elements of the array below the diagonal are not referenced.
• If ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$, the lower triangular part of $b$ must be stored and the elements of the array above the diagonal are not referenced.

### Optional Input Parameters

1:     $\mathrm{n}$int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: the first dimension of the arrays a, b and the second dimension of the arrays a, b. (An error is raised if these dimensions are not equal.)
$n$, the order of the matrices $A$ and $B$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.

### Output Parameters

1:     $\mathrm{a}\left(\mathit{lda},:\right)$ – double array
The first dimension of the array a will be $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
The second dimension of the array a will be $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
If ${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'V'}$, a contains the matrix $Z$ of eigenvectors. The eigenvectors are normalized as follows:
• if ${\mathbf{itype}}=1$ or $2$, ${Z}^{\mathrm{T}}BZ=I$;
• if ${\mathbf{itype}}=3$, ${Z}^{\mathrm{T}}{B}^{-1}Z=I$.
If ${\mathbf{jobz}}=\text{'N'}$, the upper triangle (if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$) or the lower triangle (if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$) of a, including the diagonal, is overwritten.
2:     $\mathrm{b}\left(\mathit{ldb},:\right)$ – double array
The first dimension of the array b will be $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
The second dimension of the array b will be $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
The triangular factor $U$ or $L$ from the Cholesky factorization $B={U}^{\mathrm{T}}U$ or $B=L{L}^{\mathrm{T}}$.
3:     $\mathrm{w}\left({\mathbf{n}}\right)$ – double array
The eigenvalues in ascending order.
4:     $\mathrm{info}$int64int32nag_int scalar
${\mathbf{info}}=0$ unless the function detects an error (see Error Indicators and Warnings).

## Error Indicators and Warnings

${\mathbf{info}}=-i$
If ${\mathbf{info}}=-i$, parameter $i$ had an illegal value on entry. The parameters are numbered as follows:
1: itype, 2: jobz, 3: uplo, 4: n, 5: a, 6: lda, 7: b, 8: ldb, 9: w, 10: work, 11: lwork, 12: iwork, 13: liwork, 14: info.
It is possible that info refers to a parameter that is omitted from the MATLAB interface. This usually indicates that an error in one of the other input parameters has caused an incorrect value to be inferred.
${\mathbf{info}}=1 \text{to} {\mathbf{n}}$
If ${\mathbf{info}}=i$, nag_lapack_dsyevd (f08fc) failed to converge; $i$ $i$ off-diagonal elements of an intermediate tridiagonal form did not converge to zero.
${\mathbf{info}}>{\mathbf{n}}$
nag_lapack_dpotrf (f07fd) returned an error code; i.e., if ${\mathbf{info}}={\mathbf{n}}+i$, for $1\le i\le {\mathbf{n}}$, then the leading minor of order $i$ of $B$ is not positive definite. The factorization of $B$ could not be completed and no eigenvalues or eigenvectors were computed.

## Accuracy

If $B$ is ill-conditioned with respect to inversion, then the error bounds for the computed eigenvalues and vectors may be large, although when the diagonal elements of $B$ differ widely in magnitude the eigenvalues and eigenvectors may be less sensitive than the condition of $B$ would suggest. See Section 4.10 of Anderson et al. (1999) for details of the error bounds.
The example program below illustrates the computation of approximate error bounds.

The total number of floating-point operations is proportional to ${n}^{3}$.
The complex analogue of this function is nag_lapack_zhegvd (f08sq).

## Example

This example finds all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the generalized symmetric eigenproblem $ABz=\lambda z$, where
 $A = 0.24 0.39 0.42 -0.16 0.39 -0.11 0.79 0.63 0.42 0.79 -0.25 0.48 -0.16 0.63 0.48 -0.03 and B = 4.16 -3.12 0.56 -0.10 -3.12 5.03 -0.83 1.09 0.56 -0.83 0.76 0.34 -0.10 1.09 0.34 1.18 ,$
together with an estimate of the condition number of $B$, and approximate error bounds for the computed eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
The example program for nag_lapack_dsygv (f08sa) illustrates solving a generalized symmetric eigenproblem of the form $Az=\lambda Bz$.
```function f08sc_example

fprintf('f08sc example results\n\n');

% Upper triangular parts of symmetric matrix A and symmetric definite matrix B
uplo = 'Upper';
n = 4;
a = [0.24,  0.39,  0.42, -0.16;
0,    -0.11,  0.79,  0.63;
0,     0,    -0.25,  0.48;
0,     0,     0,    -0.03];
b = [4.16, -3.12,  0.56, -0.10;
0,     5.03, -0.83,  1.09;
0,     0,     0.76,  0.34;
0,     0,     0,     1.18];

% Generalized eigenvalues and eigenvectors for problem ABz = lambda z
itype = int64(2);
jobz = 'Vectors';
[Z, U, w, info] = f08sc( ...
itype, jobz, uplo, a, b);

% Normalize eigenvectors: largest element positive (with z'Bz = I)
for j = 1:n
[~,k] = max(abs(Z(:,j)));
if Z(k,j) < 0
Z(:,j) = -Z(:,j);
end
end

disp('Eigenvalues');
disp(w');
disp('Eigenvectors');
disp(Z);

```
```f08sc example results

Eigenvalues
-3.5411   -0.3347    0.2983    2.2544

Eigenvectors
-0.0356   -0.1039   -0.7459    0.1909
0.3809    0.4322   -0.7845    0.3540
-0.2943    1.5644   -0.7144    0.5665
-0.3186   -1.0647    1.1184    0.3859

```