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Chapter Contents
Chapter Introduction
NAG Toolbox

NAG Toolbox: nag_lapack_zgehrd (f08ns)

Purpose

nag_lapack_zgehrd (f08ns) reduces a complex general matrix to Hessenberg form.

Syntax

[a, tau, info] = f08ns(ilo, ihi, a, 'n', n)
[a, tau, info] = nag_lapack_zgehrd(ilo, ihi, a, 'n', n)

Description

nag_lapack_zgehrd (f08ns) reduces a complex general matrix $A$ to upper Hessenberg form $H$ by a unitary similarity transformation: $A=QH{Q}^{\mathrm{H}}$. $H$ has real subdiagonal elements.
The matrix $Q$ is not formed explicitly, but is represented as a product of elementary reflectors (see the F08 Chapter Introduction for details). Functions are provided to work with $Q$ in this representation (see Further Comments).
The function can take advantage of a previous call to nag_lapack_zgebal (f08nv), which may produce a matrix with the structure:
 $A11 A12 A13 A22 A23 A33$
where ${A}_{11}$ and ${A}_{33}$ are upper triangular. If so, only the central diagonal block ${A}_{22}$, in rows and columns ${i}_{\mathrm{lo}}$ to ${i}_{\mathrm{hi}}$, needs to be reduced to Hessenberg form (the blocks ${A}_{12}$ and ${A}_{23}$ will also be affected by the reduction). Therefore the values of ${i}_{\mathrm{lo}}$ and ${i}_{\mathrm{hi}}$ determined by nag_lapack_zgebal (f08nv) can be supplied to the function directly. If nag_lapack_zgebal (f08nv) has not previously been called however, then ${i}_{\mathrm{lo}}$ must be set to $1$ and ${i}_{\mathrm{hi}}$ to $n$.

References

Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

Parameters

Compulsory Input Parameters

1:     $\mathrm{ilo}$int64int32nag_int scalar
2:     $\mathrm{ihi}$int64int32nag_int scalar
If $A$ has been output by nag_lapack_zgebal (f08nv), then ilo and ihi must contain the values returned by that function. Otherwise, ilo must be set to $1$ and ihi to n.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{n}}>0$, $1\le {\mathbf{ilo}}\le {\mathbf{ihi}}\le {\mathbf{n}}$;
• if ${\mathbf{n}}=0$, ${\mathbf{ilo}}=1$ and ${\mathbf{ihi}}=0$.
3:     $\mathrm{a}\left(\mathit{lda},:\right)$ – complex array
The first dimension of the array a must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
The second dimension of the array a must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
The $n$ by $n$ general matrix $A$.

Optional Input Parameters

1:     $\mathrm{n}$int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: the first dimension of the array a and the second dimension of the array a.
$n$, the order of the matrix $A$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.

Output Parameters

1:     $\mathrm{a}\left(\mathit{lda},:\right)$ – complex array
The first dimension of the array a will be $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
The second dimension of the array a will be $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
a stores the upper Hessenberg matrix $H$ and details of the unitary matrix $Q$. The subdiagonal elements of $H$ are real.
2:     $\mathrm{tau}\left(:\right)$ – complex array
The dimension of the array tau will be $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}-1\right)$
Further details of the unitary matrix $Q$.
3:     $\mathrm{info}$int64int32nag_int scalar
${\mathbf{info}}=0$ unless the function detects an error (see Error Indicators and Warnings).

Error Indicators and Warnings

${\mathbf{info}}=-i$
If ${\mathbf{info}}=-i$, parameter $i$ had an illegal value on entry. The parameters are numbered as follows:
1: n, 2: ilo, 3: ihi, 4: a, 5: lda, 6: tau, 7: work, 8: lwork, 9: info.
It is possible that info refers to a parameter that is omitted from the MATLAB interface. This usually indicates that an error in one of the other input parameters has caused an incorrect value to be inferred.

Accuracy

The computed Hessenberg matrix $H$ is exactly similar to a nearby matrix $\left(A+E\right)$, where
 $E2 ≤ c n ε A2 ,$
$c\left(n\right)$ is a modestly increasing function of $n$, and $\epsilon$ is the machine precision.
The elements of $H$ themselves may be sensitive to small perturbations in $A$ or to rounding errors in the computation, but this does not affect the stability of the eigenvalues, eigenvectors or Schur factorization.

The total number of real floating-point operations is approximately $\frac{8}{3}{q}^{2}\left(2q+3n\right)$, where $q={i}_{\mathrm{hi}}-{i}_{\mathrm{lo}}$; if ${i}_{\mathrm{lo}}=1$ and ${i}_{\mathrm{hi}}=n$, the number is approximately $\frac{40}{3}{n}^{3}$.
To form the unitary matrix $Q$ nag_lapack_zgehrd (f08ns) may be followed by a call to nag_lapack_zunghr (f08nt):
```[a, info] = f08nt(ilo, ihi, a, tau);
```
To apply $Q$ to an $m$ by $n$ complex matrix $C$ nag_lapack_zgehrd (f08ns) may be followed by a call to nag_lapack_zunmhr (f08nu). For example,
```[c, info] = f08nu('Left', 'No Transpose', ilo, ihi, a, tau, c);
```
forms the matrix product $QC$.
The real analogue of this function is nag_lapack_dgehrd (f08ne).

Example

This example computes the upper Hessenberg form of the matrix $A$, where
 $A = -3.97-5.04i -4.11+3.70i -0.34+1.01i 1.29-0.86i 0.34-1.50i 1.52-0.43i 1.88-5.38i 3.36+0.65i 3.31-3.85i 2.50+3.45i 0.88-1.08i 0.64-1.48i -1.10+0.82i 1.81-1.59i 3.25+1.33i 1.57-3.44i .$
```function f08ns_example

fprintf('f08ns example results\n\n');

ilo = int64(1);
ihi = int64(4);
a = [ -3.97 - 5.04i, -4.11 + 3.70i, -0.34 + 1.01i,  1.29 - 0.86i;
0.34 - 1.50i,  1.52 - 0.43i,  1.88 - 5.38i,  3.36 + 0.65i;
3.31 - 3.85i,  2.50 + 3.45i,  0.88 - 1.08i,  0.64 - 1.48i;
-1.10 + 0.82i,  1.81 - 1.59i,  3.25 + 1.33i,  1.57 - 3.44i];

% Reduce A to upper Hessenberg Form
[H, tau, info] = f08ns(ilo, ihi, a);

disp('Upper Hessenberg Form H');
disp(H);

```
```f08ns example results

Upper Hessenberg Form H
-3.9700 - 5.0400i  -1.1318 - 2.5693i  -4.6027 - 0.1426i  -1.4249 + 1.7330i
-5.4797 + 0.0000i   1.8585 - 1.5502i   4.4145 - 0.7638i  -0.4805 - 1.1976i
0.6932 - 0.4829i   6.2673 + 0.0000i  -0.4504 - 0.0290i  -1.3467 + 1.6579i
-0.2113 + 0.0864i   0.1242 - 0.2289i  -3.5000 + 0.0000i   2.5619 - 3.3708i

```