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Chapter Contents
Chapter Introduction
NAG Toolbox

NAG Toolbox: nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya)

 Contents

    1  Purpose
    2  Syntax
    7  Accuracy
    9  Example

Purpose

nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya) checks that a user-supplied function for evaluating a vector of functions and the matrix of their first derivatives produces derivative values which are consistent with the function values calculated.

Syntax

[fvec, fjac, user, ifail] = e04ya(m, lsqfun, x, 'n', n, 'user', user)
[fvec, fjac, user, ifail] = nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv(m, lsqfun, x, 'n', n, 'user', user)
Note: the interface to this routine has changed since earlier releases of the toolbox:
At Mark 24: w and iw were removed from the interface; user was added to the interface
At Mark 22: liw and lw were removed from the interface

Description

Routines for minimizing a sum of squares of m nonlinear functions (or ‘residuals’), fix1,x2,,xn, for i=1,2,,m and mn, may require you to supply a function to evaluate the fi and their first derivatives. nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya) checks the derivatives calculated by such user-supplied functions, e.g., functions of the form required for nag_opt_lsq_uncon_quasi_deriv_comp (e04gb), nag_opt_lsq_uncon_mod_deriv_comp (e04gd) and nag_opt_lsq_uncon_mod_deriv2_comp (e04he). As well as the function to be checked (lsqfun), you must supply a point x = x1,x2,,xnT  at which the check will be made. nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya) is essentially identical to CHKLSJ in the NPL Algorithms Library.
nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya) first calls lsqfun to evaluate the fix and their first derivatives, and uses these to calculate the sum of squares Fx=i=1 m fix2, and its first derivatives gj = F x j x , for j=1,2,,n. The components of g along two orthogonal directions (defined by unit vectors p1 and p2, say) are then calculated; these will be gTp1 and gTp2 respectively. The same components are also estimated by finite differences, giving quantities
vk=Fx+hpk-Fxh,  k=1,2  
where h is a small positive scalar. If the relative difference between v1 and gTp1 or between v2 and gTp2 is judged too large, an error indicator is set.

References

None.

Parameters

Compulsory Input Parameters

1:     m int64int32nag_int scalar
The number m of residuals, fix, and the number n of variables, xj.
Constraint: 1nm.
2:     lsqfun – function handle or string containing name of m-file
lsqfun must calculate the vector of values fix and their first derivatives fi xj  at any point x. (The minimization functions mentioned in Description give you the option of resetting a argument to terminate immediately. nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya) will also terminate immediately, without finishing the checking process, if the argument in question is reset.)
[iflag, fvec, fjac, user] = lsqfun(iflag, m, n, xc, ldfjac, user)

Input Parameters

1:     iflag int64int32nag_int scalar
To lsqfun, iflag will be set to 2.
2:     m int64int32nag_int scalar
The numbers m of residuals.
3:     n int64int32nag_int scalar
The numbers n of variables.
4:     xcn – double array
x, the point at which the values of the fi and the fi xj  are required.
5:     ldfjac int64int32nag_int scalar
The first dimension of the array fjac.
6:     user – Any MATLAB object
lsqfun is called from nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya) with the object supplied to nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya).

Output Parameters

1:     iflag int64int32nag_int scalar
If you reset iflag to some negative number in lsqfun and return control to nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya), the function will terminate immediately with ifail set to your setting of iflag.
2:     fvecm – double array
Unless iflag is reset to a negative number, fveci must contain the value of fi at the point x, for i=1,2,,m.
3:     fjacldfjacn – double array
Unless iflag is reset to a negative number, fjacij must contain the value of fi xj at the point x, for i=1,2,,m and j=1,2,,n.
4:     user – Any MATLAB object
3:     xn – double array
xj, for j=1,2,,n, must be set to the coordinates of a suitable point at which to check the derivatives calculated by lsqfun. ‘Obvious’ settings, such as 0 or 1, should not be used since, at such particular points, incorrect terms may take correct values (particularly zero), so that errors can go undetected. For a similar reason, it is preferable that no two elements of x should have the same value.

Optional Input Parameters

1:     n int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: For n, the dimension of the array x.
The number m of residuals, fix, and the number n of variables, xj.
Constraint: 1nm.
2:     user – Any MATLAB object
user is not used by nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya), but is passed to lsqfun. Note that for large objects it may be more efficient to use a global variable which is accessible from the m-files than to use user.

Output Parameters

1:     fvecm – double array
Unless you set iflag negative in the first call of lsqfun, fveci contains the value of fi at the point supplied by you in x, for i=1,2,,m.
2:     fjacldfjacn – double array
Unless you set iflag negative in the first call of lsqfun, fjacij contains the value of the first derivative fi xj at the point given in x, as calculated by lsqfun, for i=1,2,,m and j=1,2,,n.
3:     user – Any MATLAB object
4:     ifail int64int32nag_int scalar
ifail=0 unless the function detects an error (see Error Indicators and Warnings).

Error Indicators and Warnings

Note: nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya) may return useful information for one or more of the following detected errors or warnings.
Errors or warnings detected by the function:

Cases prefixed with W are classified as warnings and do not generate an error of type NAG:error_n. See nag_issue_warnings.

W  ifail<0
A negative value of ifail indicates an exit from nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya) because you have set iflag negative in lsqfun. The setting of ifail will be the same as your setting of iflag. The check on lsqfun will not have been completed.
   ifail=1
On entry,m<n,
orn<1,
orldfjac<m,
orliw<1,
orlw<3×n+m+m×n.
W  ifail=2
You should check carefully the derivation and programming of expressions for the fi xj , because it is very unlikely that lsqfun is calculating them correctly.
   ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
   ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
   ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.

Accuracy

ifail is set to 2 if
vk - gT pk 2 h× gT pk 2 +1  
for k=1​ or ​2. (See Description for definitions of the quantities involved.) The scalar h is set equal to ε, where ε is the machine precision as given by nag_machine_precision (x02aj).

Further Comments

nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya) calls lsqfun three times.
Before using nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya) to check the calculation of the first derivatives, you should be confident that lsqfun is calculating the residuals correctly.
nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya) only checks the derivatives calculated by a user-supplied function when iflag=2. So, if lsqfun is intended for use in conjunction with a minimization function which may set iflag to 1, you must check that, for given settings of the xcj, lsqfun produces the same values for the fi xj  when iflag is set to 1 as when iflag is set to 2.

Example

Suppose that it is intended to use nag_opt_lsq_uncon_quasi_deriv_comp (e04gb) or nag_opt_lsq_uncon_mod_deriv_comp (e04gd) to find least squares estimates of x1,x2 and x3 in the model
y=x1+t1x2t2+x3t3  
using the 15 sets of data given in the following table.
y t1 t2 t3 0.14 1.0 15.0 1.0 0.18 2.0 14.0 2.0 0.22 3.0 13.0 3.0 0.25 4.0 12.0 4.0 0.29 5.0 11.0 5.0 0.32 6.0 10.0 6.0 0.35 7.0 9.0 7.0 0.39 8.0 8.0 8.0 0.37 9.0 7.0 7.0 0.58 10.0 6.0 6.0 0.73 11.0 5.0 5.0 0.96 12.0 4.0 4.0 1.34 13.0 3.0 3.0 2.10 14.0 2.0 2.0 4.39 15.0 1.0 1.0  
The following program could be used to check the first derivatives calculated by lsqfun. (The tests of whether iflag=0 or 1 in lsqfun are present ready for when lsqfun is called by nag_opt_lsq_uncon_quasi_deriv_comp (e04gb) or nag_opt_lsq_uncon_mod_deriv_comp (e04gd). nag_opt_lsq_check_deriv (e04ya) will always call lsqfun with iflag set to 2.)
function e04ya_example


fprintf('e04ya example results\n\n');

m = int64(15);
x = [0.19; -1.34;  0.88];
y = [0.14, 0.18, 0.22, 0.25, 0.29, 0.32, 0.35, 0.39, 0.37, ...
     0.58, 0.73, 0.96, 1.34, 2.10, 4.39];

t = [1.0, 15.0, 1.0;
     2.0, 14.0, 2.0;
     3.0, 13.0, 3.0;
     4.0, 12.0, 4.0;
     5.0, 11.0, 5.0;
     6.0, 10.0, 6.0;
     7.0,  9.0, 7.0;
     8.0,  8.0, 8.0;
     9.0,  7.0, 7.0;
     10.0, 6.0, 6.0;
     11.0, 5.0, 5.0;
     12.0, 4.0, 4.0;
     13.0, 3.0, 3.0;
     14.0, 2.0, 2.0;
     15.0, 1.0, 1.0];

user = {y; t};

[fvec, fjac, user, ifail] = e04ya( ...
                                   m, @lsqfun, x, 'user', user);
fprintf('The test point is:\n');
fprintf('%9.5f',x);
fprintf('\n\n1st derivatives are consistent with residual values\n\n');
fprintf('At the test point, lsqfun gives:\n\n');
fprintf('  Residuals         1st derivatives\n');
fprintf('%10.4f  %10.4f%10.4f%10.4f\n',[fvec fjac]');
fprintf('\n');



function [iflag, fvecc, fjacc, user] = lsqfun(iflag, m, n, xc, ljc, user)
  y = user{1};
  t = user{2};

  fvecc = zeros(m, 1);
  fjacc = zeros(ljc, n);

  for i = 1:double(m)
    denom = xc(2)*t(i,2) + xc(3)*t(i,3);
    if (iflag ~= 1)
      fvecc(i) = xc(1) + t(i,1)/denom - y(i);
    end
    if (iflag ~= 0)
      fjacc(i,1) = 1;
      dummy = -1/(denom*denom);
      fjacc(i,2) = t(i,1)*t(i,2)*dummy;
      fjacc(i,3) = t(i,1)*t(i,3)*dummy;
    end
  end
e04ya example results

The test point is:
  0.19000 -1.34000  0.88000

1st derivatives are consistent with residual values

At the test point, lsqfun gives:

  Residuals         1st derivatives
   -0.0020      1.0000   -0.0406   -0.0027
   -0.1076      1.0000   -0.0969   -0.0138
   -0.2330      1.0000   -0.1785   -0.0412
   -0.3785      1.0000   -0.3043   -0.1014
   -0.5836      1.0000   -0.5144   -0.2338
   -0.8689      1.0000   -0.9100   -0.5460
   -1.3464      1.0000   -1.8098   -1.4076
   -2.3739      1.0000   -4.7259   -4.7259
   -2.9750      1.0000   -6.0762   -6.0762
   -4.0132      1.0000   -7.8765   -7.8765
   -5.3226      1.0000  -10.3970  -10.3970
   -7.2917      1.0000  -14.1777  -14.1777
  -10.5703      1.0000  -20.4789  -20.4789
  -17.1274      1.0000  -33.0813  -33.0813
  -36.8087      1.0000  -70.8885  -70.8885


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