F01EQF (PDF version)
F01 Chapter Contents
F01 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

NAG Library Routine Document

F01EQF

Note:  before using this routine, please read the Users' Note for your implementation to check the interpretation of bold italicised terms and other implementation-dependent details.

 Contents

    1  Purpose
    7  Accuracy

1  Purpose

F01EQF computes the principal real power Ap, for arbitrary p, of a real n by n matrix A.

2  Specification

SUBROUTINE F01EQF ( N, A, LDA, P, IFAIL)
INTEGER  N, LDA, IFAIL
REAL (KIND=nag_wp)  A(LDA,*), P

3  Description

For a matrix A with no eigenvalues on the closed negative real line, Ap (p) can be defined as
Ap= expplogA  
where logA is the principal logarithm of A (the unique logarithm whose spectrum lies in the strip z:-π<Imz<π).
Ap is computed using the real version of the Schur–Padé algorithm described in Higham and Lin (2011) and Higham and Lin (2013).
The real number p is expressed as p=q+r where q-1,1 and r. Then Ap=AqAr. The integer power Ar is found using a combination of binary powering and, if necessary, matrix inversion. The fractional power Aq is computed, entirely in real arithmetic, using a real Schur decomposition and a Padé approximant.

4  References

Higham N J (2008) Functions of Matrices: Theory and Computation SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Higham N J and Lin L (2011) A Schur–Padé algorithm for fractional powers of a matrix SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 32(3) 1056–1078
Higham N J and Lin L (2013) An improved Schur–Padé algorithm for fractional powers of a matrix and their Fréchet derivatives MIMS Eprint 2013.1 Manchester Institute for Mathematical Sciences, School of Mathematics, University of Manchester http://eprints.ma.man.ac.uk/

5  Parameters

1:     N – INTEGERInput
On entry: n, the order of the matrix A.
Constraint: N0.
2:     ALDA* – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
Note: the second dimension of the array A must be at least N.
On entry: the n by n matrix A.
On exit: the n by n matrix pth power, Ap.
3:     LDA – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array A as declared in the (sub)program from which F01EQF is called.
Constraint: LDAN.
4:     P – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the required power of A.
5:     IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
On entry: IFAIL must be set to 0, -1​ or ​1. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value -1​ or ​1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is 0. When the value -1​ or ​1 is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit: IFAIL=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6  Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry IFAIL=0 or -1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
IFAIL=1
A has eigenvalues on the negative real line. The principal pth power is not defined. F01FQF can be used to find a complex, non-principal pth power.
IFAIL=2
A is singular so the pth power cannot be computed.
IFAIL=3
Ap has been computed using an IEEE double precision Padé approximant, although the arithmetic precision is higher than IEEE double precision.
IFAIL=4
An unexpected internal error occurred. This failure should not occur and suggests that the routine has been called incorrectly.
IFAIL=-1
On entry, N=value.
Constraint: N0.
IFAIL=-3
On entry, LDA=value and N=value.
Constraint: LDAN.
IFAIL=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 3.8 in the Essential Introduction for further information.
IFAIL=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 3.7 in the Essential Introduction for further information.
IFAIL=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction for further information.

7  Accuracy

For positive integer p, the algorithm reduces to a sequence of matrix multiplications. For negative integer p, the algorithm consists of a combination of matrix inversion and matrix multiplications.
For a normal matrix A (for which ATA=AAT) and non-integer p, the Schur decomposition is diagonal and the algorithm reduces to evaluating powers of the eigenvalues of A and then constructing Ap using the Schur vectors. This should give a very accurate result. In general however, no error bounds are available for the algorithm.

8  Parallelism and Performance

F01EQF is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
F01EQF makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9  Further Comments

The cost of the algorithm is On3. The exact cost depends on the matrix A but if p-1,1 then the cost is independent of p. O4×n2 of real allocatable memory is required by the routine.
If estimates of the condition number of Ap are required then F01JEF should be used.

10  Example

This example finds Ap where p=0.2 and
A = 3 3 2 1 3 1 0 2 1 1 4 3 3 0 3 1 .  

10.1  Program Text

Program Text (f01eqfe.f90)

10.2  Program Data

Program Data (f01eqfe.d)

10.3  Program Results

Program Results (f01eqfe.r)


F01EQF (PDF version)
F01 Chapter Contents
F01 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

© The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd, Oxford, UK. 2015