NAG C Library Function Document

nag_rand_gen_multinomial (g05tgc)

1
Purpose

nag_rand_gen_multinomial (g05tgc) generates a sequence of n variates, each consisting of k pseudorandom integers, from the discrete multinomial distribution with k outcomes and m trials, where the outcomes have probabilities p1,p2,,pk respectively.

2
Specification

#include <nag.h>
#include <nagg05.h>
void  nag_rand_gen_multinomial (Nag_OrderType order, Nag_ModeRNG mode, Integer n, Integer m, Integer k, const double p[], double r[], Integer lr, Integer state[], Integer x[], Integer pdx, NagError *fail)

3
Description

nag_rand_gen_multinomial (g05tgc) generates a sequence of n groups of k integers xi,j, for j=1,2,,k and i=1,2,,n, from a multinomial distribution with m trials and k outcomes, where the probability of xi,j=Ij for each j=1,2,,k is
Pi1=I1,,ik=Ik= m! j=1k Ij! j=1k pjIj= m! I1!I2!Ik! p1I1p2I2pkIk,  
where
j= 1k pj= 1  and   j= 1k Ij=m.  
A single trial can have several outcomes (k) and the probability of achieving each outcome is known (pj). After m trials each outcome will have occurred a certain number of times. The k numbers representing the numbers of occurrences for each outcome after m trials is then a single sample from the multinomial distribution defined by the parameters k, m and pj, for j=1,2,,k. This function returns n such samples.
When k=2 this distribution is equivalent to the binomial distribution with parameters m and p=p1 (see nag_rand_binomial (g05tac)).
The variates can be generated with or without using a search table and index. If a search table is used then it is stored with the index in a reference vector and subsequent calls to nag_rand_gen_multinomial (g05tgc) with the same parameter values can then use this reference vector to generate further variates. The reference array is generated only for the outcome with greatest probability. The number of successes for the outcome with greatest probability is calculated first as for the binomial distribution (see nag_rand_binomial (g05tac)); the number of successes for other outcomes are calculated in turn for the remaining reduced multinomial distribution; the number of successes for the final outcome is simply calculated to ensure that the total number of successes is m.
One of the initialization functions nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) (for a repeatable sequence if computed sequentially) or nag_rand_init_nonrepeatable (g05kgc) (for a non-repeatable sequence) must be called prior to the first call to nag_rand_gen_multinomial (g05tgc).

4
References

Knuth D E (1981) The Art of Computer Programming (Volume 2) (2nd Edition) Addison–Wesley

5
Arguments

1:     order Nag_OrderTypeInput
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by order=Nag_RowMajor. See Section 3.3.1.3 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint: order=Nag_RowMajor or Nag_ColMajor.
2:     mode Nag_ModeRNGInput
On entry: a code for selecting the operation to be performed by the function.
mode=Nag_InitializeReference
Set up reference vector only.
mode=Nag_GenerateFromReference
Generate variates using reference vector set up in a prior call to nag_rand_gen_multinomial (g05tgc).
mode=Nag_InitializeAndGenerate
Set up reference vector and generate variates.
mode=Nag_GenerateWithoutReference
Generate variates without using the reference vector.
Constraint: mode=Nag_InitializeReference, Nag_GenerateFromReference, Nag_InitializeAndGenerate or Nag_GenerateWithoutReference.
3:     n IntegerInput
On entry: n, the number of pseudorandom numbers to be generated.
Constraint: n0.
4:     m IntegerInput
On entry: m, the number of trials of the multinomial distribution.
Constraint: m0.
5:     k IntegerInput
On entry: k, the number of possible outcomes of the multinomial distribution.
Constraint: k2.
6:     p[k] const doubleInput
On entry: contains the probabilities pj, for j=1,2,,k, of the k possible outcomes of the multinomial distribution.
Constraint: 0.0p[j-1]1.0 and j=1kp[j-1]=1.0.
7:     r[lr] doubleCommunication Array
On entry: if mode=Nag_GenerateFromReference, the reference vector from the previous call to nag_rand_gen_multinomial (g05tgc).
If mode=Nag_GenerateWithoutReference, r is not referenced and may be NULL.
On exit: if modeNag_GenerateWithoutReference, the reference vector.
8:     lr IntegerInput
Note: for convenience p_max will be used here to denote the expression p_max=maxjp[j].
On entry: the dimension of the array r.
Suggested values:
  • if modeNag_GenerateWithoutReference, lr=30+20×m×p_max×1-p_max;
  • otherwise lr=1.
Constraints:
  • if mode=Nag_InitializeReference or Nag_InitializeAndGenerate,
    lr > minm,INT m×p_max+7.25 × m× p_max×1-p_max +8.5 - max0,INT m×p_max-7.25 × m×p_max× 1-p_max +9 ;
  • if mode=Nag_GenerateFromReference, lr must remain unchanged from the previous call to nag_rand_gen_multinomial (g05tgc).
9:     state[dim] IntegerCommunication Array
Note: the dimension, dim, of this array is dictated by the requirements of associated functions that must have been previously called. This array MUST be the same array passed as argument state in the previous call to nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) or nag_rand_init_nonrepeatable (g05kgc).
On entry: contains information on the selected base generator and its current state.
On exit: contains updated information on the state of the generator.
10:   x[dim] IntegerOutput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array x must be at least
  • max1,pdx×k when order=Nag_ColMajor;
  • max1,n×pdx when order=Nag_RowMajor.
Where Xi,j appears in this document, it refers to the array element
  • x[j-1×pdx+i-1] when order=Nag_ColMajor;
  • x[i-1×pdx+j-1] when order=Nag_RowMajor.
On exit: the first n rows of Xi,j each contain k pseudorandom numbers representing a k-dimensional variate from the specified multinomial distribution.
11:   pdx IntegerInput
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array x.
Constraints:
  • if order=Nag_ColMajor, pdxn;
  • if order=Nag_RowMajor, pdxk.
12:   fail NagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation).

6
Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 2.3.1.2 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument value had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, k=value.
Constraint: k2.
On entry, lr is too small when mode=Nag_InitializeReference or Nag_InitializeAndGenerate: lr=value, minimum length required =value.
On entry, m=value.
Constraint: m0.
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n0.
NE_INT_2
On entry, pdx=value and k=value.
Constraint: pdxk.
On entry, pdx=value and n=value.
Constraint: pdxn.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 2.7.6 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_INVALID_STATE
On entry, state vector has been corrupted or not initialized.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 2.7.5 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_PREV_CALL
The value of m or k is not the same as when r was set up in a previous call.
Previous value of m=value and m=value.
Previous value of k=value and k=value.
NE_REAL_ARRAY
On entry, at least one element of the vector p is less than 0.0 or greater than 1.0.
On entry, the sum of the elements of p do not equal one.
NE_REF_VEC
On entry, some of the elements of the array r have been corrupted or have not been initialized.

7
Accuracy

Not applicable.

8
Parallelism and Performance

nag_rand_gen_multinomial (g05tgc) is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
Please consult the x06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9
Further Comments

The reference vector for only one outcome can be set up because the conditional distributions cannot be known in advance of the generation of variates. The outcome with greatest probability of success is chosen for the reference vector because it will have the greatest spread of likely values.

10
Example

This example prints 20 pseudorandom k-dimensional variates from a multinomial distribution with k=4, m=6000, p1=0.08, p2=0.1, p3=0.8 and p4=0.02, generated by a single call to nag_rand_gen_multinomial (g05tgc), after initialization by nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc).

10.1
Program Text

Program Text (g05tgce.c)

10.2
Program Data

None.

10.3
Program Results

Program Results (g05tgce.r)