# NAG C Library Function Document

## 1Purpose

nag_prob_1_sample_ks (g01eyc) returns the upper tail probability associated with the one sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov distribution.

## 2Specification

 #include #include
 double nag_prob_1_sample_ks (Integer n, double d, NagError *fail)

## 3Description

Let ${S}_{n}\left(x\right)$ be the sample cumulative distribution function and ${F}_{0}\left(x\right)$ the hypothesised theoretical distribution function.
nag_prob_1_sample_ks (g01eyc) returns the upper tail probability, $p$, associated with the one-sided Kolmogorov–Smirnov test statistic ${D}_{n}^{+}$ or ${D}_{n}^{-}$, where these one-sided statistics are defined as follows;
 $Dn+ = supxSnx-F0x, Dn- = supxF0x-Snx.$
If $n\le 100$ an exact method is used; for the details see Conover (1980). Otherwise a large sample approximation derived by Smirnov is used; see Feller (1948), Kendall and Stuart (1973) or Smirnov (1948).

## 4References

Conover W J (1980) Practical Nonparametric Statistics Wiley
Feller W (1948) On the Kolmogorov–Smirnov limit theorems for empirical distributions Ann. Math. Statist. 19 179–181
Kendall M G and Stuart A (1973) The Advanced Theory of Statistics (Volume 2) (3rd Edition) Griffin
Siegel S (1956) Non-parametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences McGraw–Hill
Smirnov N (1948) Table for estimating the goodness of fit of empirical distributions Ann. Math. Statist. 19 279–281

## 5Arguments

1:    $\mathbf{n}$IntegerInput
On entry: $n$, the number of observations in the sample.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 1$.
2:    $\mathbf{d}$doubleInput
On entry: contains the test statistic, ${D}_{n}^{+}$ or ${D}_{n}^{-}$.
Constraint: $0.0\le {\mathbf{d}}\le 1.0$.
3:    $\mathbf{fail}$NagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation).

## 6Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 2.3.1.2 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_INT
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 1$.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 2.7.6 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 2.7.5 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_REAL
On entry, ${\mathbf{d}}<0.0$ or ${\mathbf{d}}>1.0$: ${\mathbf{d}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.

## 7Accuracy

The large sample distribution used as an approximation to the exact distribution should have a relative error of less than $2.5$% for most cases.

## 8Parallelism and Performance

nag_prob_1_sample_ks (g01eyc) is not threaded in any implementation.

The upper tail probability for the two-sided statistic, ${D}_{n}=\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left({D}_{n}^{+},{D}_{n}^{-}\right)$, can be approximated by twice the probability returned via nag_prob_1_sample_ks (g01eyc), that is $2p$. (Note that if the probability from nag_prob_1_sample_ks (g01eyc) is greater than $0.5$ then the two-sided probability should be truncated to $1.0$). This approximation to the tail probability for ${D}_{n}$ is good for small probabilities, (e.g., $p\le 0.10$) but becomes very poor for larger probabilities.
The time taken by the function increases with $n$, until $n>100$. At this point the approximation is used and the time decreases significantly. The time then increases again modestly with $n$.

## 10Example

The following example reads in $10$ different sample sizes and values for the test statistic ${D}_{n}$. The upper tail probability is computed and printed for each case.

### 10.1Program Text

Program Text (g01eyce.c)

### 10.2Program Data

Program Data (g01eyce.d)

### 10.3Program Results

Program Results (g01eyce.r)