NAG Library Routine Document

s14acf (polygamma)

1
Purpose

s14acf returns a value of the function ψx-lnx, where ψ is the psi function ψx= ddx lnΓx= Γx Γx .

2
Specification

Fortran Interface
Function s14acf ( x, ifail)
Real (Kind=nag_wp):: s14acf
Integer, Intent (Inout):: ifail
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In):: x
C Header Interface
#include <nagmk26.h>
double  s14acf_ (const double *x, Integer *ifail)

3
Description

s14acf returns a value of the function ψx-lnx. The psi function is computed without the logarithmic term so that when x is large, sums or differences of psi functions may be computed without unnecessary loss of precision, by analytically combining the logarithmic terms. For example, the difference d=ψ x+12-ψx has an asymptotic behaviour for large x given by dlnx+12-lnx+O 1x2ln1+ 12x 12x .
Computing d directly would amount to subtracting two large numbers which are close to lnx+12  and lnx to produce a small number close to 12x , resulting in a loss of significant digits. However, using this routine to compute fx=ψx-lnx, we can compute d=f x+12-fx+ln1+12x , and the dominant logarithmic term may be computed accurately from its power series when x is large. Thus we avoid the unnecessary loss of precision.
The routine is derived from the routine PSIFN in Amos (1983).

4
References

NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions
Amos D E (1983) Algorithm 610: A portable FORTRAN subroutine for derivatives of the psi function ACM Trans. Math. Software 9 494–502

5
Arguments

1:     x – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the argument x of the function.
Constraint: x>0.0.
2:     ifail – IntegerInput/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, -1 or 1. If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to Section 3.4 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value -1 or 1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this argument, the recommended value is 0. When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6
Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or -1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
ifail=1
On entry, x=value.
Constraint: x>0.0.
ifail=2
Computation halted due to likelihood of underflow. x may be too large. x=value.
ifail=3
Computation halted due to likelihood of overflow. x may be too small. x=value.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 3.9 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 3.8 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

7
Accuracy

All constants in s14acf are given to approximately 18 digits of precision. Calling the number of digits of precision in the floating-point arithmetic being used t, then clearly the maximum number of correct digits in the results obtained is limited by p=mint,18.
With the above proviso, results returned by this routine should be accurate almost to full precision, except at points close to the zero of ψx, x1.461632, where only absolute rather than relative accuracy can be obtained.

8
Parallelism and Performance

s14acf is not threaded in any implementation.

9
Further Comments

None.

10
Example

The example program reads values of the argument x from a file, evaluates the function at each value of x and prints the results.

10.1
Program Text

Program Text (s14acfe.f90)

10.2
Program Data

Program Data (s14acfe.d)

10.3
Program Results

Program Results (s14acfe.r)

GnuplotProduced by GNUPLOT 4.6 patchlevel 3 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ψ(x)ln x x Example Program Returns a Value of the Function ψ(x)ln x gnuplot_plot_1