# NAG C Library Function Document

## 1Purpose

nag_zgtrfs (f07cvc) computes error bounds and refines the solution to a complex system of linear equations $AX=B$ or ${A}^{\mathrm{T}}X=B$ or ${A}^{\mathrm{H}}X=B$, where $A$ is an $n$ by $n$ tridiagonal matrix and $X$ and $B$ are $n$ by $r$ matrices, using the $LU$ factorization returned by nag_zgttrf (f07crc) and an initial solution returned by nag_zgttrs (f07csc). Iterative refinement is used to reduce the backward error as much as possible.

## 2Specification

 #include #include
 void nag_zgtrfs (Nag_OrderType order, Nag_TransType trans, Integer n, Integer nrhs, const Complex dl[], const Complex d[], const Complex du[], const Complex dlf[], const Complex df[], const Complex duf[], const Complex du2[], const Integer ipiv[], const Complex b[], Integer pdb, Complex x[], Integer pdx, double ferr[], double berr[], NagError *fail)

## 3Description

nag_zgtrfs (f07cvc) should normally be preceded by calls to nag_zgttrf (f07crc) and nag_zgttrs (f07csc). nag_zgttrf (f07crc) uses Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting and row interchanges to factorize the matrix $A$ as
 $A=PLU ,$
where $P$ is a permutation matrix, $L$ is unit lower triangular with at most one nonzero subdiagonal element in each column, and $U$ is an upper triangular band matrix, with two superdiagonals. nag_zgttrs (f07csc) then utilizes the factorization to compute a solution, $\stackrel{^}{X}$, to the required equations. Letting $\stackrel{^}{x}$ denote a column of $\stackrel{^}{X}$, nag_zgtrfs (f07cvc) computes a component-wise backward error, $\beta$, the smallest relative perturbation in each element of $A$ and $b$ such that $\stackrel{^}{x}$ is the exact solution of a perturbed system
 $A+E x^=b+f , with eij ≤β aij , and fj ≤β bj .$
The function also estimates a bound for the component-wise forward error in the computed solution defined by $\mathrm{max}\left|{x}_{i}-\stackrel{^}{{x}_{i}}\right|/\mathrm{max}\left|\stackrel{^}{{x}_{i}}\right|$, where $x$ is the corresponding column of the exact solution, $X$.

## 4References

Anderson E, Bai Z, Bischof C, Blackford S, Demmel J, Dongarra J J, Du Croz J J, Greenbaum A, Hammarling S, McKenney A and Sorensen D (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide (3rd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia http://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug

## 5Arguments

1:    $\mathbf{order}$Nag_OrderTypeInput
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$. See Section 3.3.1.3 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$.
2:    $\mathbf{trans}$Nag_TransTypeInput
On entry: specifies the equations to be solved as follows:
${\mathbf{trans}}=\mathrm{Nag_NoTrans}$
Solve $AX=B$ for $X$.
${\mathbf{trans}}=\mathrm{Nag_Trans}$
Solve ${A}^{\mathrm{T}}X=B$ for $X$.
${\mathbf{trans}}=\mathrm{Nag_ConjTrans}$
Solve ${A}^{\mathrm{H}}X=B$ for $X$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{trans}}=\mathrm{Nag_NoTrans}$, $\mathrm{Nag_Trans}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_ConjTrans}$.
3:    $\mathbf{n}$IntegerInput
On entry: $n$, the order of the matrix $A$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
4:    $\mathbf{nrhs}$IntegerInput
On entry: $r$, the number of right-hand sides, i.e., the number of columns of the matrix $B$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nrhs}}\ge 0$.
5:    $\mathbf{dl}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$const ComplexInput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array dl must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}-1\right)$.
On entry: must contain the $\left(n-1\right)$ subdiagonal elements of the matrix $A$.
6:    $\mathbf{d}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$const ComplexInput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array d must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
On entry: must contain the $n$ diagonal elements of the matrix $A$.
7:    $\mathbf{du}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$const ComplexInput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array du must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}-1\right)$.
On entry: must contain the $\left(n-1\right)$ superdiagonal elements of the matrix $A$.
8:    $\mathbf{dlf}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$const ComplexInput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array dlf must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}-1\right)$.
On entry: must contain the $\left(n-1\right)$ multipliers that define the matrix $L$ of the $LU$ factorization of $A$.
9:    $\mathbf{df}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$const ComplexInput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array df must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
On entry: must contain the $n$ diagonal elements of the upper triangular matrix $U$ from the $LU$ factorization of $A$.
10:  $\mathbf{duf}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$const ComplexInput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array duf must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}-1\right)$.
On entry: must contain the $\left(n-1\right)$ elements of the first superdiagonal of $U$.
11:  $\mathbf{du2}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$const ComplexInput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array du2 must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}-2\right)$.
On entry: must contain the $\left(n-2\right)$ elements of the second superdiagonal of $U$.
12:  $\mathbf{ipiv}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$const IntegerInput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array ipiv must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
On entry: must contain the $n$ pivot indices that define the permutation matrix $P$. At the $i$th step, row $i$ of the matrix was interchanged with row ${\mathbf{ipiv}}\left[i-1\right]$, and ${\mathbf{ipiv}}\left[i-1\right]$ must always be either $i$ or $\left(i+1\right)$, ${\mathbf{ipiv}}\left[i-1\right]=i$ indicating that a row interchange was not performed.
13:  $\mathbf{b}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$const ComplexInput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array b must be at least
• $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{pdb}}×{\mathbf{nrhs}}\right)$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}×{\mathbf{pdb}}\right)$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
The $\left(i,j\right)$th element of the matrix $B$ is stored in
• ${\mathbf{b}}\left[\left(j-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdb}}+i-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• ${\mathbf{b}}\left[\left(i-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdb}}+j-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
On entry: the $n$ by $r$ matrix of right-hand sides $B$.
14:  $\mathbf{pdb}$IntegerInput
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array b.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pdb}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$;
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pdb}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{nrhs}}\right)$.
15:  $\mathbf{x}\left[\mathit{dim}\right]$ComplexInput/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array x must be at least
• $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{pdx}}×{\mathbf{nrhs}}\right)$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}×{\mathbf{pdx}}\right)$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
The $\left(i,j\right)$th element of the matrix $X$ is stored in
• ${\mathbf{x}}\left[\left(j-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdx}}+i-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• ${\mathbf{x}}\left[\left(i-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdx}}+j-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
On entry: the $n$ by $r$ initial solution matrix $X$.
On exit: the $n$ by $r$ refined solution matrix $X$.
16:  $\mathbf{pdx}$IntegerInput
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array x.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$;
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{nrhs}}\right)$.
17:  $\mathbf{ferr}\left[{\mathbf{nrhs}}\right]$doubleOutput
On exit: estimate of the forward error bound for each computed solution vector, such that ${‖{\stackrel{^}{x}}_{j}-{x}_{j}‖}_{\infty }/{‖{\stackrel{^}{x}}_{j}‖}_{\infty }\le {\mathbf{ferr}}\left[j-1\right]$, where ${\stackrel{^}{x}}_{j}$ is the $j$th column of the computed solution returned in the array x and ${x}_{j}$ is the corresponding column of the exact solution $X$. The estimate is almost always a slight overestimate of the true error.
18:  $\mathbf{berr}\left[{\mathbf{nrhs}}\right]$doubleOutput
On exit: estimate of the component-wise relative backward error of each computed solution vector ${\stackrel{^}{x}}_{j}$ (i.e., the smallest relative change in any element of $A$ or $B$ that makes ${\stackrel{^}{x}}_{j}$ an exact solution).
19:  $\mathbf{fail}$NagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation).

## 6Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 2.3.1.2 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
On entry, argument $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{nrhs}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{nrhs}}\ge 0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdb}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdb}}>0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdx}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdx}}>0$.
NE_INT_2
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdb}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdb}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdb}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{nrhs}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdb}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{nrhs}}\right)$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdx}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdx}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{nrhs}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{nrhs}}\right)$.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 2.7.6 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 2.7.5 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

## 7Accuracy

The computed solution for a single right-hand side, $\stackrel{^}{x}$, satisfies an equation of the form
 $A+E x^=b ,$
where
 $E∞=OεA∞$
and $\epsilon$ is the machine precision. An approximate error bound for the computed solution is given by
 $x^-x ∞ x∞ ≤ κA E∞ A∞ ,$
where $\kappa \left(A\right)={‖{A}^{-1}‖}_{\infty }{‖A‖}_{\infty }$, the condition number of $A$ with respect to the solution of the linear equations. See Section 4.4 of Anderson et al. (1999) for further details.
Function nag_zgtcon (f07cuc) can be used to estimate the condition number of $A$.

## 8Parallelism and Performance

nag_zgtrfs (f07cvc) is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
nag_zgtrfs (f07cvc) makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the x06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

The total number of floating-point operations required to solve the equations $AX=B$ or ${A}^{\mathrm{T}}X=B$ or ${A}^{\mathrm{H}}X=B$ is proportional to $nr$. At most five steps of iterative refinement are performed, but usually only one or two steps are required.
The real analogue of this function is nag_dgtrfs (f07chc).

## 10Example

This example solves the equations
 $AX=B ,$
where $A$ is the tridiagonal matrix
 $A = -1.3+1.3i 2.0-1.0i 0.0i+0.0 0.0i+0.0 0.0i+0.0 1.0-2.0i -1.3+1.3i 2.0+1.0i 0.0i+0.0 0.0i+0.0 0.0i+0.0 1.0+1.0i -1.3+3.3i -1.0+1.0i 0.0i+0.0 0.0i+0.0 0.0i+0.0 2.0-3.0i -0.3+4.3i 1.0-1.0i 0.0i+0.0 0.0i+0.0 0.0i+0.0 1.0+1.0i -3.3+1.3i$
and
 $B = 2.4-05.0i 2.7+06.9i 3.4+18.2i -6.9-05.3i -14.7+09.7i -6.0-00.6i 31.9-07.7i -3.9+09.3i -1.0+01.6i -3.0+12.2i .$
Estimates for the backward errors and forward errors are also output.

### 10.1Program Text

Program Text (f07cvce.c)

### 10.2Program Data

Program Data (f07cvce.d)

### 10.3Program Results

Program Results (f07cvce.r)