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S Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

NAG Library Routine DocumentS30NAF

Note:  before using this routine, please read the Users' Note for your implementation to check the interpretation of bold italicised terms and other implementation-dependent details.

1  Purpose

S30NAF computes the European option price given by Heston's stochastic volatility model.

2  Specification

 SUBROUTINE S30NAF ( CALPUT, M, N, X, S, T, SIGMAV, KAPPA, CORR, VAR0, ETA, GRISK, R, Q, P, LDP, IFAIL)
 INTEGER M, N, LDP, IFAIL REAL (KIND=nag_wp) X(M), S, T(N), SIGMAV, KAPPA, CORR, VAR0, ETA, GRISK, R, Q, P(LDP,N) CHARACTER(1) CALPUT

3  Description

S30NAF computes the price of a European option using Heston's stochastic volatility model. The return on the asset price, $S$, is
 $dS S = r-q dt + vt d W t 1$
and the instantaneous variance, ${v}_{t}$, is defined by a mean-reverting square root stochastic process,
 $dvt = κ η-vt dt + σv vt d W t 2 ,$
where $r$ is the risk free annual interest rate; $q$ is the annual dividend rate; ${v}_{t}$ is the variance of the asset price; ${\sigma }_{v}$ is the volatility of the volatility, $\sqrt{{v}_{t}}$; $\kappa$ is the mean reversion rate; $\eta$ is the long term variance. $d{W}_{t}^{\left(\mathit{i}\right)}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2$, denotes two correlated standard Brownian motions with
 $ℂov d W t 1 , d W t 2 = ρ d t .$
The option price is computed by evaluating the integral transform given by Lewis (2000) using the form of the characteristic function discussed by Albrecher et al. (2007), see also Kilin (2006).
 $Pcall = S e-qT - X e-rT 1π Re ∫ 0+i/2 ∞+i/2 e-ikX- H^ k,v,T k2 - ik d k ,$ (1)
where $\stackrel{-}{X}=\mathrm{ln}\left(S/X\right)+\left(r-q\right)T$ and
 $H^ k,v,T = exp 2κη σv2 tg - ln 1-he-ξt 1-h + vt g 1-e-ξt 1-he-ξt ,$
 $g = 12 b-ξ , h = b-ξ b+ξ , t = σv2 T/2 ,$
 $ξ = b2 + 4 k2-ik σv2 12 ,$
 $b = 2 σv2 1-γ+ik ρσv + κ2 - γ1-γ σv2$
with $t={\sigma }_{v}^{2}T/2$. Here $\gamma$ is the risk aversion parameter of the representative agent with $0\le \gamma \le 1$ and $\gamma \left(1-\gamma \right){\sigma }_{v}^{2}\le {\kappa }^{2}$. The value $\gamma =1$ corresponds to $\lambda =0$, where $\lambda$ is the market price of risk in Heston (1993) (see Lewis (2000) and Rouah and Vainberg (2007)).
The price of a put option is obtained by put-call parity.

4  References

Albrecher H, Mayer P, Schoutens W and Tistaert J (2007) The little Heston trap Wilmott Magazine January 2007 83–92
Heston S (1993) A closed-form solution for options with stochastic volatility with applications to bond and currency options 6 347–343 Review of Financial Studies
Kilin F (2006) Accelerating the calibration of stochastic volatility models MPRA Paper No. 2975 http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2975/
Lewis A L (2000) Option valuation under stochastic volatility Finance Press, USA
Rouah F D and Vainberg G (2007) Option Pricing Models and Volatility using Excel-VBA John Wiley and Sons, Inc

5  Parameters

1:     CALPUT – CHARACTER(1)Input
On entry: determines whether the option is a call or a put.
${\mathbf{CALPUT}}=\text{'C'}$
A call. The holder has a right to buy.
${\mathbf{CALPUT}}=\text{'P'}$
A put. The holder has a right to sell.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{CALPUT}}=\text{'C'}$ or $\text{'P'}$.
2:     M – INTEGERInput
On entry: the number of strike prices to be used.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{M}}\ge 1$.
3:     N – INTEGERInput
On entry: the number of times to expiry to be used.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{N}}\ge 1$.
4:     X(M) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: ${\mathbf{X}}\left(i\right)$ must contain ${X}_{\mathit{i}}$, the $\mathit{i}$th strike price, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,{\mathbf{M}}$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{X}}\left(\mathit{i}\right)\ge z\text{​ and ​}{\mathbf{X}}\left(\mathit{i}\right)\le 1/z$, where $z={\mathbf{X02AMF}}\left(\right)$, the safe range parameter, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,{\mathbf{M}}$.
5:     S – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: $S$, the price of the underlying asset.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{S}}\ge z\text{​ and ​}{\mathbf{S}}\le 1.0/z$, where $z={\mathbf{X02AMF}}\left(\right)$, the safe range parameter.
6:     T(N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: ${\mathbf{T}}\left(i\right)$ must contain ${T}_{\mathit{i}}$, the $\mathit{i}$th time, in years, to expiry, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,{\mathbf{N}}$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{T}}\left(\mathit{i}\right)\ge z$, where $z={\mathbf{X02AMF}}\left(\right)$, the safe range parameter, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,{\mathbf{N}}$.
7:     SIGMAV – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the volatility, ${\sigma }_{v}$, of the volatility process, $\sqrt{{v}_{t}}$. Note that a rate of 20% should be entered as $0.2$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{SIGMAV}}>0.0$.
8:     KAPPA – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: $\kappa$, the long term mean reversion rate of the volatility.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{KAPPA}}>0.0$.
9:     CORR – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the correlation between the two standard Brownian motions for the asset price and the volatility.
Constraint: $-1.0\le {\mathbf{CORR}}\le 1.0$.
10:   VAR0 – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the initial value of the variance, ${v}_{t}$, of the asset price.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{VAR0}}\ge 0.0$.
11:   ETA – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: $\eta$, the long term mean of the variance of the asset price.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{ETA}}>0.0$.
12:   GRISK – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the risk aversion parameter, $\gamma$, of the representative agent.
Constraint: $0.0\le {\mathbf{GRISK}}\le 1.0$ and ${\mathbf{GRISK}}×\left(1.0-{\mathbf{GRISK}}\right)×{\mathbf{SIGMAV}}×{\mathbf{SIGMAV}}\le {\mathbf{KAPPA}}×{\mathbf{KAPPA}}$.
13:   R – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: $r$, the annual risk-free interest rate, continuously compounded. Note that a rate of 5% should be entered as 0.05.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{R}}\ge 0.0$.
14:   Q – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: $q$, the annual continuous yield rate. Note that a rate of 8% should be entered as 0.08.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{Q}}\ge 0.0$.
15:   P(LDP,N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the leading ${\mathbf{M}}×{\mathbf{N}}$ part of the array P contains the computed option prices.
16:   LDP – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array P as declared in the (sub)program from which S30NAF is called.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{LDP}}\ge {\mathbf{M}}$.
17:   IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
On entry: IFAIL must be set to $0$, $-1\text{​ or ​}1$. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value $-1\text{​ or ​}1$ is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is $0$. When the value $-\mathbf{1}\text{​ or ​}\mathbf{1}$ is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit: ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{0}}$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6  Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{0}}$ or $-{\mathbf{1}}$, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=1$
On entry, ${\mathbf{CALPUT}}\ne \text{'C'}$ or $\text{'P'}$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=2$
On entry, ${\mathbf{M}}\le 0$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=3$
On entry, ${\mathbf{N}}\le 0$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=4$
On entry, ${\mathbf{X}}\left(\mathit{i}\right) or ${\mathbf{X}}\left(\mathit{i}\right)>1/z$, where $z={\mathbf{X02AMF}}\left(\right)$, the safe range parameter.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=5$
On entry, ${\mathbf{S}} or ${\mathbf{S}}>1.0/z$, where $z={\mathbf{X02AMF}}\left(\right)$, the safe range parameter.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=6$
On entry, ${\mathbf{T}}\left(\mathit{i}\right), where $z={\mathbf{X02AMF}}\left(\right)$, the safe range parameter.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=7$
On entry, ${\mathbf{SIGMAV}}\le 0.0$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=8$
On entry, ${\mathbf{KAPPA}}\le 0.0$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=9$
On entry, $\left|{\mathbf{CORR}}\right|>1.0$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=10$
On entry, ${\mathbf{VAR0}}<0.0$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=11$
On entry, ${\mathbf{ETA}}\le 0.0$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=12$
 On entry, ${\mathbf{GRISK}}<0.0$ or ${\mathbf{GRISK}}>1.0$, or ${\mathbf{GRISK}}×\left(1.0-{\mathbf{GRISK}}\right)×{\mathbf{SIGMAV}}×{\mathbf{SIGMAV}}>{\mathbf{KAPPA}}×{\mathbf{KAPPA}}$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=13$
On entry, ${\mathbf{R}}<0.0$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=14$
On entry, ${\mathbf{Q}}<0.0$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=16$
On entry, ${\mathbf{LDP}}<{\mathbf{M}}$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=17$
Quadrature has not converged to the required accuracy. However the result returned should be a reasonable approximation.

7  Accuracy

The accuracy of the output is determined by the accuracy of the numerical quadrature used to evaluate the integral in (1). An adaptive method is used which evaluates the integral to within a tolerance of $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left({10}^{-8},{10}^{-10}×\left|I\right|\right)$, where $\left|I\right|$ is the absolute value of the integral.

None.

9  Example

This example computes the price of a European call using Heston's stochastic volatility model. The time to expiry is $6$ months, the stock price is $100$ and the strike price is $100$. The risk-free interest rate is $5%$ per year, the volatility of the variance, ${\sigma }_{v}$, is $22.5%$ per year, the mean reversion parameter, $\kappa$, is $2.0$, the long term mean of the variance, $\eta$, is $0.01$ and the correlation between the volatility process and the stock price process, $\rho$, is $0.0$. The risk aversion parameter, $\gamma$, is $1.0$ and the initial value of the variance, VAR0, is $0.01$.

9.1  Program Text

Program Text (s30nafe.f90)

9.2  Program Data

Program Data (s30nafe.d)

9.3  Program Results

Program Results (s30nafe.r)