D01 Chapter Contents
D01 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

# NAG Library Routine DocumentD01AHF

Note:  before using this routine, please read the Users' Note for your implementation to check the interpretation of bold italicised terms and other implementation-dependent details.

## 1  Purpose

D01AHF computes a definite integral over a finite range to a specified relative accuracy using a method described by Patterson.

## 2  Specification

 FUNCTION D01AHF ( A, B, EPSR, NPTS, RELERR, F, NLIMIT, IFAIL)
 REAL (KIND=nag_wp) D01AHF
 INTEGER NPTS, NLIMIT, IFAIL REAL (KIND=nag_wp) A, B, EPSR, RELERR, F EXTERNAL F

## 3  Description

D01AHF computes a definite integral of the form
 $∫abfxdx.$
The method uses as its basis a family of interlacing high precision rules (see Patterson (1968)) using $1$, $3$, $7$, $15$, $31$, $63$, $127$ and $255$ nodes. Initially the family is applied in sequence to the integrand. When two successive rules differ relatively by less than the required relative accuracy, the last rule used is taken as the value of the integral and the operation is regarded as successful. If all rules in the family have been applied unsuccessfully, subdivision is invoked. The subdivision strategy is as follows. The interval under scrutiny is divided into two sub-intervals (not always equal). The basic family is then applied to the first sub-interval. If the required accuracy is not obtained, the interval is stored for future examination (see ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{2}}$) and the second sub-interval is examined. Should the basic family again be unsuccessful, then the sub-interval is further subdivided and the whole process repeated. Successful integrations are accumulated as the partial value of the integral. When all possible successful integrations have been completed, those previously unsuccessful sub-intervals placed in store are examined.
A large number of refinements are incorporated to improve the performance. Some of these are:
 (a) The rate of convergence of the basic family is monitored and used to make a decision to abort and subdivide before the full sequence has been applied. (b) The $\epsilon$-algorithm is applied to the basic results in an attempt to increase the convergence rate. See Wynn (1956). (c) An attempt is made to detect sharp end point peaks and singularities in each sub-interval and to apply appropriate transformations to smooth the integrand. This consideration is also used to select interval sizes in the subdivision process. (d) The relative accuracy sought in each sub-interval is adjusted in accordance with its likely contribution to the total integral. (e) Random transformations of the integrand are applied to improve reliability in some instances.

## 4  References

Patterson T N L (1968) The Optimum addition of points to quadrature formulae Math. Comput. 22 847–856
Wynn P (1956) On a device for computing the ${e}_{m}\left({S}_{n}\right)$ transformation Math. Tables Aids Comput. 10 91–96

## 5  Parameters

1:     A – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: $a$, the lower limit of integration.
2:     B – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: $b$, the upper limit of integration. It is not necessary that $a.
3:     EPSR – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the relative and accuracy required.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{EPSR}}>0.0$.
4:     NPTS – INTEGEROutput
On exit: the number of function evaluations used in the calculation of the integral.
5:     RELERR – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Output
On exit: a rough estimate of the relative error achieved.
6:     F – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) FUNCTION, supplied by the user.External Procedure
F must return the value of the integrand $f$ at a given point.
The specification of F is:
 FUNCTION F ( X)
 REAL (KIND=nag_wp) F
 REAL (KIND=nag_wp) X
1:     X – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the point at which the integrand $f$ must be evaluated.
F must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which D01AHF is called. Parameters denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
7:     NLIMIT – INTEGERInput
On entry: a limit to the number of function evaluations. If ${\mathbf{NLIMIT}}\le 0$, the routine uses a default limit of $10000$.
8:     IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
On entry: IFAIL must be set to $0$, $-1\text{​ or ​}1$. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value $-1\text{​ or ​}1$ is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, because for this routine the values of the output parameters may be useful even if ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}\ne {\mathbf{0}}$ on exit, the recommended value is $-1$. When the value $-\mathbf{1}\text{​ or ​}1$ is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit: ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{0}}$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

## 6  Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{0}}$ or $-{\mathbf{1}}$, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by X04AAF).
Note: D01AHF may return useful information for one or more of the following detected errors or warnings.
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=1$
The integral has not converged to the accuracy requested. It may be worthwhile to try increasing NLIMIT.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=2$
Too many unsuccessful levels of subdivision have been invoked.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=3$
 On entry, ${\mathbf{EPSR}}\le 0.0$.
When ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{1}}$ or ${\mathbf{2}}$ a result may be obtained by continuing without further subdivision, but this is likely to be inaccurate.

## 7  Accuracy

The relative accuracy required is specified by you in the variable EPSR. The routine will terminate whenever the relative accuracy specified by EPSR is judged to have been reached.
If on exit, ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{0}}$, then it is most likely that the result is correct to the specified accuracy. If, on exit, ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{1}}$ or ${\mathbf{2}}$, then it is likely that the specified accuracy has not been reached.
RELERR is a rough estimate of the relative error achieved. It is a by-product of the computation and is not used to effect the termination of the routine. The outcome of the integration must be judged by the value of IFAIL.

The time taken by D01AHF depends on the complexity of the integrand and the accuracy required.

## 9  Example

This example evaluates the integral to a requested relative accuracy of ${10}^{-5}$
 $∫0141+x2 dx=π.$

### 9.1  Program Text

Program Text (d01ahfe.f90)

### 9.2  Program Data

Program Data (d01ahfe.d)

### 9.3  Program Results

Program Results (d01ahfe.r)