f08 Chapter Contents
f08 Chapter Introduction
NAG C Library Manual

# NAG Library Function Documentnag_dgglse (f08zac)

## 1  Purpose

nag_dgglse (f08zac) solves a real linear equality-constrained least squares problem.

## 2  Specification

 #include #include
 void nag_dgglse (Nag_OrderType order, Integer m, Integer n, Integer p, double a[], Integer pda, double b[], Integer pdb, double c[], double d[], double x[], NagError *fail)

## 3  Description

nag_dgglse (f08zac) solves the real linear equality-constrained least squares (LSE) problem
 $minimize x c-Ax2 subject to Bx=d$
where $A$ is an $m$ by $n$ matrix, $B$ is a $p$ by $n$ matrix, $c$ is an $m$ element vector and $d$ is a $p$ element vector. It is assumed that $p\le n\le m+p$, $\mathrm{rank}\left(B\right)=p$ and $\mathrm{rank}\left(E\right)=n$, where $E=\left(\begin{array}{c}A\\ B\end{array}\right)$. These conditions ensure that the LSE problem has a unique solution, which is obtained using a generalized $RQ$ factorization of the matrices $B$ and $A$.

## 4  References

Anderson E, Bai Z, Bischof C, Blackford S, Demmel J, Dongarra J J, Du Croz J J, Greenbaum A, Hammarling S, McKenney A and Sorensen D (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide (3rd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia
Anderson E, Bai Z and Dongarra J (1992) Generalized QR factorization and its applications Linear Algebra Appl. (Volume 162–164) 243–271
Eldèn L (1980) Perturbation theory for the least-squares problem with linear equality constraints SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 17 338–350

## 5  Arguments

1:     orderNag_OrderTypeInput
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$. See Section 3.2.1.3 in the Essential Introduction for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$ or Nag_ColMajor.
2:     mIntegerInput
On entry: $m$, the number of rows of the matrix $A$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{m}}\ge 0$.
3:     nIntegerInput
On entry: $n$, the number of columns of the matrices $A$ and $B$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
4:     pIntegerInput
On entry: $p$, the number of rows of the matrix $B$.
Constraint: $0\le {\mathbf{p}}\le {\mathbf{n}}\le {\mathbf{m}}+{\mathbf{p}}$.
5:     a[$\mathit{dim}$]doubleInput/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array a must be at least
• $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{pda}}×{\mathbf{n}}\right)$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{m}}×{\mathbf{pda}}\right)$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
The $\left(i,j\right)$th element of the matrix $A$ is stored in
• ${\mathbf{a}}\left[\left(j-1\right)×{\mathbf{pda}}+i-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• ${\mathbf{a}}\left[\left(i-1\right)×{\mathbf{pda}}+j-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
On entry: the $m$ by $n$ matrix $A$.
On exit: a is overwritten.
6:     pdaIntegerInput
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array a.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pda}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{m}}\right)$;
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pda}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
7:     b[$\mathit{dim}$]doubleInput/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array b must be at least
• $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{pdb}}×{\mathbf{n}}\right)$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{p}}×{\mathbf{pdb}}\right)$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
The $\left(i,j\right)$th element of the matrix $B$ is stored in
• ${\mathbf{b}}\left[\left(j-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdb}}+i-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• ${\mathbf{b}}\left[\left(i-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdb}}+j-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
On entry: the $p$ by $n$ matrix $B$.
On exit: b is overwritten.
8:     pdbIntegerInput
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array b.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pdb}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{p}}\right)$;
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pdb}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
9:     c[m]doubleInput/Output
On entry: the right-hand side vector $c$ for the least squares part of the LSE problem.
On exit: the residual sum of squares for the solution vector $x$ is given by the sum of squares of elements ${\mathbf{c}}\left[{\mathbf{n}}-{\mathbf{p}}\right],{\mathbf{c}}\left[{\mathbf{n}}-{\mathbf{p}}+1\right],\dots ,{\mathbf{c}}\left[{\mathbf{m}}-1\right]$; the remaining elements are overwritten.
10:   d[p]doubleInput/Output
On entry: the right-hand side vector $d$ for the equality constraints.
On exit: d is overwritten.
11:   x[n]doubleOutput
On exit: the solution vector $x$ of the LSE problem.
12:   failNagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).

## 6  Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
On entry, argument $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, ${\mathbf{m}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{m}}\ge 0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pda}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pda}}>0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdb}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdb}}>0$.
NE_INT_2
On entry, ${\mathbf{pda}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{m}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pda}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{m}}\right)$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pda}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pda}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdb}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdb}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdb}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{p}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdb}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{p}}\right)$.
NE_INT_3
On entry, ${\mathbf{p}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$, ${\mathbf{m}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: $0\le {\mathbf{p}}\le {\mathbf{n}}\le {\mathbf{m}}+{\mathbf{p}}$.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
NE_SINGULAR
The $\left(N-P\right)$ by $\left(N-P\right)$ part of the upper trapezoidal factor $T$ associated with $A$ in the generalised $RQ$ factorization of the pair $\left(B,A\right)$ is singular, so that the rank of the matrix ($E$) comprising the rows of $A$ and $B$ is less than $n$; the least squares solutions could not be computed.
The upper triangular factor $R$ associated with $B$ in the generalized $RQ$ factorization of the pair $\left(B,A\right)$ is singular, so that $\mathrm{rank}\left(B\right); the least squares solution could not be computed.

## 7  Accuracy

For an error analysis, see Anderson et al. (1992) and Eldèn (1980). See also Section 4.6 of Anderson et al. (1999).

When $m\ge n=p$, the total number of floating point operations is approximately $\frac{2}{3}{n}^{2}\left(6m+n\right)$; if $p\ll n$, the number reduces to approximately $\frac{2}{3}{n}^{2}\left(3m-n\right)$.
nag_opt_lin_lsq (e04ncc) may also be used to solve LSE problems. It differs from nag_dgglse (f08zac) in that it uses an iterative (rather than direct) method, and that it allows general upper and lower bounds to be specified for the variables $x$ and the linear constraints $Bx$.

## 9  Example

This example solves the least squares problem
 $minimize x c-Ax2 subject to Bx=d$
where
 $c = -1.50 -2.14 1.23 -0.54 -1.68 0.82 ,$
 $A = -0.57 -1.28 -0.39 0.25 -1.93 1.08 -0.31 -2.14 2.30 0.24 0.40 -0.35 -1.93 0.64 -0.66 0.08 0.15 0.30 0.15 -2.13 -0.02 1.03 -1.43 0.50 ,$
 $B = 1.0 0 -1.0 0 0 1.0 0 -1.0$
and
 $d = 0 0 .$
The constraints $Bx=d$ correspond to ${x}_{1}={x}_{3}$ and ${x}_{2}={x}_{4}$.

### 9.1  Program Text

Program Text (f08zace.c)

### 9.2  Program Data

Program Data (f08zace.d)

### 9.3  Program Results

Program Results (f08zace.r)